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Tag Archive for: Crocodiles of the World

The Crocos Put Patients' Voices Front and Center at the Salon de Rencontres

Headlines, Events, Student Life
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March 12, 2026/by communication
https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Copie-de-Salon-de-Rencontre-1-scaled.jpg 1440 2560 communication https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/LOGO-CLASSIQUE-H-300x135.png communicationMarch 12, 2026, 2:08:05 PMMarch 12, 2026, 2:08:05 PMThe Crocos Put Patients’ Voices Front and Center at the Salon de Rencontres

#ProudOfOurStudents | Our students from Nîmes on a mission in Dakar

Headlines, Events, Student Life

Our students have talent and ideas to spare! While our students in Montpellier are getting involved in a solidarity project in Togo, our students in Nîmes have chosen Senegal and the city of Dakar for the annual humanitarian project organized by the Crocos du Monde association. It’s a wonderful initiative that we didn’t want to miss the chance to share. Here’s a report and an interview.

 

 
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Crocos du Monde: A Nîmes-Based Organization Dedicated to Humanitarian Causes

Founded in 2007, “Les Crocos du Monde ” is an association of health sciences students at the Faculty of Medicine on its campus in Nîmes. Its goal is to enable students to get involved in humanitarian activities and raise their awareness of global inequalities. The association participates in international solidarity projects focused on health and education, made possible through fundraising efforts conducted throughout the academic year. Several initiatives have already been carried out in countries such as Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Morocco, and Togo.

What is the DAKAR Project?

This year, the Crocos du Monde are taking action in Senegal. For the 2021–2022 project, the association is focusing on raising funds and collecting medical and paramedical supplies to be sent to Fatick. During the school year, students had the opportunity to meet with several organizations—the AAD, the MRCCR, and the OSD—to exchange supplies and knowledge. The Nîmes University Hospital contributed to this cause by providing supplies as part of a partnership and international hospital cooperation initiative established between the Nîmes University Hospital and its sites in Senegal.

A project brought to life!

With the help of the administration and CDM members, the container was loaded at the Faculty of Medicine in Nîmes. It was then transported to Fos-sur-Mer, from where it departed on June 22 and arrived at the port of Dakar on June 30, 2022.

To confirm that the equipment had arrived safely and to verify that it was functioning properly, three DFGSM2 students traveled to the site from July 15 to 20, 2022, accompanied by the association’s president. This visit provided an opportunity to meet with local contacts and tour the Fann University Hospital as well as the Fatick General Hospital in preparation for next year.

 

To learn more about the ins and outs of this project, we sat down with Joffrey Buland, the 2021–22 President of Crocos du Monde! Check out his interview below!

 

Hello, Joffrey. Could you please introduce yourself and tell us what your role is in this project?

Hello, my name is Joffrey Buland, and I am currently a second-year medical student in Nîmes. During the “Dakar 2022” project organized by Crocos du Monde, when I was a first-year medical student, I served as president of the association. The president’s role, in collaboration with the executive committee, is to organize the international project. We were responsible for communicating with local contacts, issuing requests for quotes for the end-of-year shipping container, and organizing its shipment as well as the trip to the destination.

 

Can you tell us more about this project? What did it involve?

This project was a first for Les Crocos du Monde; our goal was to launch an international initiative that would be more sustainable—a long-term partnership that could be renewed each year. It was with this same goal of sustainability in mind that we came up with the idea of the shipping container, to give a second life to the supplies we were able to collect throughout the year. Since Les Crocos du Monde is primarily focused on sharing and sustainable development, the idea seemed like a natural fit. The goal was to collect medical and paramedical supplies throughout the year through various partners, which were then shipped to Senegal—specifically to the Fatick General Hospital, located 150 km south of Dakar.

 

Why did you choose Senegal? What led you to make that choice?

We turned our attention to Senegal thanks to a doctor at the Nîmes University Hospital, Dr. Christophe Boisson, who helped us immensely in setting up our project. Dr. Boisson has been sending containers of medical supplies to Dakar for several years now; it was with him and our trusted contacts on the ground that we decided to focus our efforts on the Fatick General Hospital. This led to an official partnership between the Carémeau University Hospital and the Dakar University Hospital, of which Crocos du Monde and Fatick are branches. This partnership has three main areas of focus: the delivery of supplies—in which we participated—medical and paramedical training through the simulation center, and training for biomedical engineers and technicians.

 

How did you organize the collection of supplies?

The collection of supplies began with the hospital identifying its needs and providing us with a list. From that list, we selected the supplies we were able to obtain—those that were within our reach. The “Dakar 2022” project was therefore primarily focused on the nephrology unit, which is currently undergoing rapid development in Fatick. Once we had identified our target, we reached out to our partners—including individuals, other organizations, and, primarily, the Nîmes University Hospital and Dr. Boisson—and began our search and collection efforts.

 

All in all, what kind of materials were you able to collect? How much is that?

By the end of the year, we had collected enough to fill a 33 m³ container—that is, 2.5 metric tons of equipment. Most of it was urology and nephrology equipment, including catheters and urinary ostomy kits, but there was also some surgical equipment, such as ventilator circuits and laparoscopy kits. We were also fortunate to find large electronic equipment, seven emergency stretchers, and a delivery table. Since the goal was to give the items we sent a second life, all expiration dates were checked, and all electronic equipment was tested and refurbished as needed through Apelem, an association of biomedical engineers and technicians that is part of the partnership with the Nîmes University Hospital.

 

You were part of the trip in July. How did it go? What did you and your colleagues get out of it?

The four of us traveled to Nîmes with three second-year medical students, two of whom are now part of the executive committee. The goal was to take them on a tour of facilities such as the Fatick General Hospital, where they will be collecting supplies, so that they could get a clear idea of their upcoming 2023 project. At the same time, we wanted them to meet our trusted partners and local contacts, which will facilitate better communication in the coming year and help them understand the why, the how, and the for whom of the project. This trip was deeply rewarding on a personal level; it allowed us to observe and understand different hospital and cultural systems, each with resources that vary to some extent depending on the facility.

 

Does this inspire you to get involved in humanitarian medicine?

Humanitarian medicine has always been my main goal; even when I started PACES, my objective was to join Doctors Without Borders or other organizations so I could go on a mission. When I discovered the Crocos du Monde association, and had the opportunity—along with my friends—to get involved in my own way starting in my first year of medical school, I didn’t hesitate. This year has allowed me to further deepen and strengthen this dream for after I graduate.

 

What about future projects for Crocos du Monde?

To answer this question, I’ll turn the floor over to Chloé Messines, the new president of Crocos du Monde for the 2022–2023 term.

Chloé: Les Crocos du Monde has always focused on the partnership between the University Hospitals of Nîmes and Dakar, and more specifically on putting together the container of medical equipment; the bulk of our internal investment and the events we organize are aimed at funding this project. Furthermore, it is important for us—as well as for our Senegalese partners—to meet in person and confirm that the container was well received. Just as we did last year, Les Crocos du Monde are committed to traveling to Dakar and Fatick to connect with the people who made this project possible. Now, our goal for this year is also to foster a vibrant community life for our members by offering a wider variety of events (clean walks, school outreach, outreach patrols, etc.), with a focus on inter-organizational collaboration (such as our participation in the “Nîmes en Rose” project led by the midwifery association and “Pep’s Week” with Tutorat Santé Nîmes). In this way, we are relying on the motivation of second-year medical and midwifery students to ensure the association’s successful development.

 

October 4, 2022/by School of Medicine
https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Les-Crocos-en-mission-a-Dakar-.png 526 2000 School of Medicine https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/LOGO-CLASSIQUE-H-300x135.png School of MedicineOctober 4, 2022, 1:25:21 PMOctober 4, 2022, 1:25:21 PM#ProudOfOurStudents | Our students from Nîmes on a mission in Dakar

#ProudOfOurStudents – Student Organizations Recap: November 2020 Edition

Headlines, Coronavirus, Student Life

Despite the announcement of the lockdown, the Faculty’s student organizations managed to support our students through this difficult time by organizing some wonderful initiatives throughout the month of November. Check out the November edition of the student organization recap! 

 

Let's celebrate the mustache! 

The month of November is often associated with Movember, a movement dedicated to raising awareness about men's health issues. 

Our organizations got involved and shared photos of their best mustaches on social media while raising awareness about prostate cancer! 

 

 

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Positivity goes hand in hand with activity! 

 

We can't say it enough: exercise is good for your health! The ASMM understands this well and offers twice-weekly workout sessions on Zoom to stay connected with its members—which is essential for preventing isolation. 

 

 

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Studying and taking classes at home require good organization in order to achieve one’s goals. The ASMM’s live yoga sessions and the AMESF’s positive messages have supported our students in this new way of working by providing them with a burst of positive energy. 

 

Actions Taken!

 

The organization Les Crocos du Monde was able to participate in the outreach efforts organized by Samu Solidaire to help the most disadvantaged and the homeless by providing them with a hot meal and, quite simply, a little comfort. 

 

November also marked National No-Smoking Month. AMESF took part in this initiative by launching an awareness campaign on the risks of smoking during pregnancy. 

 

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Your tutorials—there for you now more than ever

 

Finally, we’ll conclude this article by highlighting the continuity of services so admirably provided by your tutoring teams, who never faltered in their mission during the lockdown. By offering online tutoring sessions, remote study groups, and even a virtual library, your tutors have once again demonstrated their creativity in supporting our PASS and PACES students as they prepare for their first-semester exams! 

 

In addition, the tutors organized information-sharing sessions and a “parent tutoring” conference to support the parents of prospective PASS students. This initiative was greatly appreciated by the 50 families who attended this virtual event.

 

Upcoming event: the Tutoscars, mock exams organized by the UM’s three talented health tutoring groups— ATSM, TSN, and ATP—on December 5 and 19 for PACES and PASS students.

 

 

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Once again, our student organizations have made us proud of them, their initiatives, and our students. Stay tuned to learn more about their initiatives this December! #ProudOfOurStudents

December 1, 2020/by School of Medicine
https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/RecapAssos-Nov2020.png 526 2000 School of Medicine https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/LOGO-CLASSIQUE-H-300x135.png School of MedicineDecember 1, 2020, 10:40:56 PMDecember 1, 2020, 10:40:56 PM#ProudOfOurStudents – Student Organizations Recap: November 2020 Edition

#OrganizationOfTheWeek – Meet Crocos du Monde!

Featured, Student Life

We met AMEO earlier. Today, we’re heading to Nîmes and even farther afield with the Crocos du Monde association!

In a nutshell, what is the Crocos du Monde association?

Founded in 2007, “Crocos du monde” is the student humanitarian association of the Faculty of Medicine’s Nîmes campus. Its goal is to enable medical and midwifery students to get involved in humanitarian work—each in their own way—and to raise awareness of global disparities. The main objective is to organize an international solidarity project each year. Since the association’s founding, the Crocos have already traveled to Morocco, Burkina Faso, and even Togo last summer!

What activities do you carry out throughout the year? Can you tell us about them?

Throughout the year, we hold two major events: fundraisers for our international solidarity project and, starting this year, our local project in Nîmes, which has allowed us to implement social initiatives throughout our city.

To help fund our trip, we’ve been organizing events at our university since the beginning of the year. We’ve already held a few snack sales. During the holiday season, we raised money through gift-wrapping booths and a chocolate sale.

At the same time, the Nîmes project is structured around several initiatives, most of which are carried out in partnership with the French Red Cross in the Gard department, particularly for outreach patrols and visits to nursing homes.

Why did you join the organization as an individual member? What does your organization offer students?

I’ve always been interested in humanitarian work, and this organization has given me the opportunity to get involved through a variety of local initiatives that balance our academic commitments with the limited time we can devote to charitable activities.

This allowed me to become aware of the various needs around me and take action to address them, whether directly in Nîmes or through fundraising and preparing for the annual international solidarity trip.

Why and how do I join Les Crocos du Monde?

Our organization provides opportunities to get involved in social, community-oriented, and environmental initiatives. This allows you to get involved and stay true to your values. Furthermore, it complements your studies by fostering social connections and bringing you into contact with people in need.

You can join in September, after the back-to-school general meeting, and then at any time throughout the year. Simply fill out a membership form and pay a 10-euro membership fee by check or cash, and you’ll officially become a member of Crocos du Monde. The association is open to all students at the University of Nîmes (PACES/PASS, medicine, midwifery).

A few words about the 2020–2021 executive board?

The election of our executive committee takes place in two parts:

  • First, an executive committee (BR) is elected. Following an online campaign period, the election was held in early June. Due to the current health situation, we will hold the handover ceremony in person at the start of the school year.
  • Then, in late September, second-year members of the association (medicine or midwifery) will be able to run for office. After a short campaign, the BR selects its executive board based on the number of candidates per position.

For more information, feel free to follow us on social media:

  • Facebook: Crocodiles of the World
  • Instagram: crocos_du_monde
  • Website (updated this year): https://crocosdumonde.jimdofree.com/
  • Email: asso.crocosdumonde@gmail.com

 

July 17, 2020/by School of Medicine
https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Sans-titre-1.png 526 2000 School of Medicine https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/LOGO-CLASSIQUE-H-300x135.png School of MedicineJuly 17, 2020, 8:10:55 AMJuly 10, 2020, 6:21:00 PM#ClubOfTheWeek – Meet Crocos du Monde!

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Request for a self-guided tour of the JARDIN des PLANTES

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This form is an informational document used to track group visits to the botanical garden. It also provides us with data needed to compile statistics on visitor numbers.

 


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    Marie-Anne BOIVIN

    Marie-Anne GILLAIN was born in 1773 in Montreuil, near Versailles.

    She was sent to boarding school with the Sisters of the Visitation.

    During the Revolution, she took refuge in Etampes with a relative who was the mother superior of the Hospitalières de l’Hôtel-Dieu.

    There she attended the surgeon’s lectures and served for two and a half years, from 1793 to 1796, as a hospital volunteer—that is, as a layperson who volunteered her services to the poor and sick.

    In 1797, she returned to Versailles to marry Louis BOIVIN, deputy head of the National Domains office.

    She became pregnant early on, but was suddenly widowed in 1798 at the age of 25, left without any means of support and with a young daughter to raise.

    She then decided to put to use the knowledge she had gained from the surgeon at the Hôtel-Dieu in Étampes and enrolled in the Midwifery School at the Maternity Hospital in 1799.

    In 1800, she graduated and left for Versailles to be reunited with her daughter and pursue her career.

    In 1801, following the death of her daughter, she obtained permission from Marie-Louise Lachapelle to return to the Maternity Hospice

    In 1803, she was appointed chief supervisor of the breastfeeding section. She held this position for eleven years, until 1814. During this long tenure, she took the opportunity to attend the lectures of her patron, the surgeons at the Maternity Hospital (Baudelocque, then Dubois), and the chief physicians (Andry, and especially Chaussier), from whom she gathered observations and lessons.

    In 1812, she wrote and published *A Treatise on the Art of Childbirth*. The work was approved by the Ministry of the Interior, which included it among the textbooks given to graduates of the Maternity School.

    In 1814, the position of supervisor that she held was eliminated, and she was dismissed with a severance payment equal to her annual salary, or 360 francs.

    Starting in October, she was hired as a storekeeper and steward at the Poissy General Hospital, a position she held until January 1819, when the General Hospital was converted into a prison.

    Little is known about this period of her life: Did she continue her obstetric practice despite her new, more administrative duties? Did she do so at the general hospital? Or with a private clientele? In any case, for a time she appears to have earned a comfortable annual salary of 1,200 francs—almost as much as the head midwife at the Maternity Hospital.

    In 1818, she entered the Paris Medical Society’s competition anonymously, submitting a paper on internal uterine hemorrhages. She was awarded the medal.

    On February1, 1819, she joined the Maison Royale de Santé in Paris as chief supervising midwife, with a modest salary of 350 francs per year.

    In 1821, an opportunity for promotion arose following the death of Marie-Louise Lachapelle.

    According to procedure, the General Council of the Hospices must submit to the Minister of the Interior a list of five female candidates to succeed the renowned midwife.

    On November 14, 1821, the Council voted to approve a list with Marie-Anne Boivin at the top; she received 12 out of 12 votes in the first round of voting to select the top candidate.

    A month and a half later, the Minister of the Interior endorsed the Council’s decision.

    But the winner declined the position (or rather, resigned), forcing the board to propose another list. Why the refusal? All contemporary biographers attribute this decision to a public promise Marie-Anne Boivin is said to have made to her former patron never to replace her, even after her death. If that is the case, she kept her word, and another midwife, Madeleine Catherine Legrand, was appointed in 1822.

    Marie-Anne Boivin therefore continued to practice at the Maison Royale de Santé, where she accumulated observations, publications, and honors.

    In 1828, she presented a paper on spontaneous abortions, which was awarded a prize by the Bordeaux Medical Society.

    In September 1835, at the age of 62, worn out and exhausted, she retired and urged the hospice board to grant her a pension. Finally, after suffering a first stroke that left her hemiplegic, she died in May 1841.

    In 1902, one of the rooms in the renovated maternity ward was named after Marie-Anne Boivin.

    Louise BOURGEOIS

    She was born in 1563 on Boulevard Saint-Germain or in Mons to a family of doctors.

    In 1594, she married Martin BOURSIER, a master surgeon and student of Ambroise PARÉ.

    She finds herself without any means of support when her husband is enlisted in the king's army.

    She quickly gained a reputation among the ladies of the court and delivered the queen's children six times.

    She is paid 500 crowns for the birth of a boy and 300 for the birth of a girl.

    It lost its prominence following the death of Marie de Bourbon-Montpensier, wife of Gaston d’Orléans, at the time of the birth of the Grande Mademoiselle.

    According to the surgeons who performed the autopsy on the woman who had given birth, her death was attributed to placental debris remaining in the uterus, and Louise Bourgeois was subsequently accused of negligence.

    At that time, there were few male obstetricians practicing, and they were trying to gain the upper hand over the midwives' guild.

    Louise questions their competence by harshly criticizing the autopsy findings and the skills of the obstetricians; however, her response has the opposite effect of what she intended, as it ends up giving them publicity.

    She was the first midwife to write a book on obstetrics, *Various Observations on Infertility, Miscarriage, Fertility, Childbirth, and Diseases of Women and Newborns*, published in 1609.

    In this book, she points out that infertility in a couple can be caused by the man, even though—like the doctors of that era—she confuses the ability to procreate with sexual vigor.

    She identified the role of malnutrition in fetal health, and she was the first to prescribe iron supplements to treat anemia.

    She emphasizes the importance of anatomical knowledge for midwives and urges doctors to allow them to attend lectures and dissection sessions.

    In 1636, the Parisian midwives submitted a petition to the Faculty of Medicine requesting that Louise Bourgeois be allowed to teach them obstetrics, but their request was denied.

    Subsequently, however, one of her students, Marguerite du Tertre de la Marche, was appointed head of the midwives at the Hôtel-Dieu and succeeded in overhauling their training program.

    She died on December 20, 1636, on Boulevard Saint-Germain at the age of 73.

    Jean-Louis BAUDELOCQUE

    He was born on November 30, 1745, in Heilly, Picardy.

    He was the son of Jean Baptiste BAUDELOCQUE, a surgeon, and Anne Marguerite LEVASSEUR. His brothers Félix Honoré (1744–1794) and Jean Baptiste (1749–1800) were both doctors. He was the third of ten children.

    It was his father who introduced him to surgery in the countryside of Picardy.

    He completed his studies in Paris at the Hôpital de la Charité, where a renowned professor of obstetrics, Solayrès de Renhac (1737–1772), was on staff.

    In 1772, following Solayrès’s untimely death at the age of 35, he collected the manuscripts of his lectures and succeeded him as professor of obstetrics at the Hôpital de la Charité. Thanks to Baudelocque, Solayrès’s work was saved from oblivion.

    In 1775, at the initiative of Augier du FOT, a surgeon and childbirth instructor in Soissons, he published—based on manuscripts bequeathed by Solayrès de RENHAC—the first edition of a manual intended for the training of midwives. This work was later republished under his name alone, under the title“Principles of the Art of Childbirth: Questions and Answers for Student Midwives.” It was reprinted three times during Baudelocque’s lifetime and three more times posthumously.

    In 1776, following the defense of his dissertation on symphysotomy, titled“An in partu propter angustiam pelvis impossibili, symphysis ossium secanda?”, he was appointed surgeon at the Hôpital de la Charité in Paris and was awarded the title of Master of Surgery by the Paris College of Surgery.

    On April 5 or 6, 1777, in Paris, he married Andrée DERULLIER (née de Vulier, de Voulier, de Rullie, or de Rouillier), whose family made mannequins of pregnant women for demonstrations in childbirth classes; she died on January 4, 1787, childless.

    In 1781 and 1789, he published the first two editions of his scholarly treatise*The Art of Childbirth* in two volumes. He became famous for his forceps, his practice of cesarean sections, and the invention of the pelvimeter, which measures the external anteroposterior diameter to identify patients who might experience difficulties during childbirth.

    On September 14, 1788, in Amiens, he married Marie Catherine Rose Laurent; the couple had five children (three daughters and two sons).

    During the French Revolution, the guilds and faculties were abolished. Hospitals lost some of their staff and funding. Baudelocque, however, managed to build a reputation as an obstetrician thanks to a clientele in the city and private obstetrics classes.

    In 1794, the former Faculty of Medicine was replaced by the École centrale de Santé de Paris, where he was responsible for teaching medical students and midwives.

    In October 1795, the Hospice de la Maternité took in poor women and unwed mothers to assist them during childbirth and provided clinical training for midwives and doctors from the École de Santé.

    In addition, this facility also takes in abandoned children.

    In 1798, Baudelocque, in addition to his position as professor of obstetrics at the Paris School of Public Health, became chief surgeon at the Maternity Hospital.

    In 1802, the Hospice de la Maternité school was founded, where Baudelocque put his teaching skills to use, employing mannequins to allow students to practice examinations and obstetric procedures. He emphasized observation over active intervention, preferring to let nature take its course and using instruments as little as possible.

    Busy with his many responsibilities, he delegated part of his authority to the head midwife of the Maternity Ward, Marie-Louise Lachapelle (1769–1821), who took on part of the training of the midwifery students and was authorized to use forceps on her own in the event of a difficult delivery.

    He was involved in a high-profile lawsuit brought against him by an obstetrician, Jean François SACOMBE, a fierce opponent of cesarean sections and a defender of traditional midwifery practices. Sacombe, who had set himself up as a defender of midwives and accused Baudelocque of infanticide, ultimately lost his case in 1804 and, in the process, any sense of proportion.

    In 1806, Napoleon appointed Jean-Louis Baudelocque to the chair of obstetrics, the first medical specialty chair in France.

    He became the obstetrician to the queens of Spain, Holland, and Naples, as well as to all the ladies of the court.

    He had been chosen and selected in advance to deliver the heir awaited by Napoleon and Empress Marie-Louise of Austria. But, struck down by a cerebral hemorrhage, he would not live to see the birth of the King of Rome.

    He died on May 2 or 3, 1810, at 16 Rue Jacob in Paris (6th arrondissement), where he lived, at the age of 65.

    He was buried at the Vaugirard West Cemetery, then exhumed due to land acquisition for the construction of what is now Boulevard Pasteur.

    He was then buried on August 17, 1839, at Père-Lachaise Cemetery (45thdivision).

    He was the most famous obstetrician of his time.

    A physician at the Hôpital des Enfants Malades, he would lend his name to the Baudelocque Clinic in 1890.

    In 1966, the Port-Royal Maternity Hospital was built. The two facilities merged in 1993 (14th arrondissement of Paris).

    There is now a midwifery school on Avenue Denfert-Rochereau that bears her name.

    François CHAUSSIER

    He was born on July 2, 1746, in Dijon, in the parish of Saint Pierre.

    His father was a master glazier.

    After completing his training at the Dijon hospital, his mother sent him to Paris to continue his medical studies, and he enrolled at the Royal College of Surgery, where he attended classes regularly from 1765 to 1767 and took anatomy courses taught by Raphaël SABATIER and Jean-Joseph SUE.

    At the same time, he was learning the basics of surgery at Lafaye’s clinics and, in the afternoons, at those of Isaac GOURSAUD.

    His years of surgical training came to an end in 1768, when he earned the title of Master of Surgery; he then settled in Dijon as a surgeon

    He married Jeanne CARRE, the daughter and granddaughter of a master surgeon, on July 27, 1767, in Quetigny, Côte d’Or. Together they had a son, Bernard François Hector (1769–1837).

    In 1769, he began teaching a free course in human and comparative anatomy, which was attended by many students for more than ten years.

    In 1774, the Estates of Burgundy established a chemistry program with Louis-Bernard GUYTON de MORVEAU as the full professor and Hugues MARET and François CHAUSSIER as assistant professors. Upon MARET’s death in 1786, he was promoted to second professor of chemistry.

    In Dijon, his professional qualities earned him the favor of his patients, and his reputation quickly spread beyond Burgundy; he distinguished himself at the Academy of Surgery through several presentations, and as a result, he was awarded the Academy’s Gold Medal at the public session on April 10, 1777.

    He received his Doctor of Medicine degree from the University of Besançon on January 14, 1780, and in 1784, he became a corresponding member of the Royal Society of Medicine. That same year, he was admitted to the Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Literature in Dijon, where he became secretary-general following the retirement of Guyton de Morveau.

    In 1785, at the request of the Estates of Burgundy, he published a popular guide on the treatment of bites from rabid animals: “Method for Treating Bites from Rabid Animals and Vipers; Followed by a Summary on the Malignant Pustule” (with Joseph Enaux, 1726–1798).

    In 1789, he published a study on the muscles of the human body, in which he proposed a more rational classification than the one taught up to that point: “A Brief Overview of the Muscles of the Human Body According to the Methodical Classification and Nomenclature Adopted in the Public Anatomy Course at Dijon”; this work was reprinted in 1797.

    On December 20, 1789, he read a paper titled “Surgical-Forensic Observations on an Important Point of Criminal Jurisprudence” at the Academy of Dijon, in which he demonstrated the role that a physician could play in assisting the justice system; this work attracted attention, and the following year he launched a course in forensic medicine in Dijon.

    On 3 Nivôse, Year III (December 23, 1794), he married Angélique LABOREY in Dijon (Crébillon District); they also had a son, Franck Bernard Simon (1804–1866).

    In 1794, Antoine-François Fourcroy was tasked by the National Convention with reorganizing medical education and sought out a figure who could provide him with the details of this reorganization. Claude-Antoine Prieur-Duvernois, from the Côte-d’Or, who headed the Department of Science and the Arts on the Committee of Public Safety, recommended François Chaussier, who thus joined the Committee of Public Instruction: he drafted a report and a proposed decree, which he read from the rostrum of the Convention on 7 Frimaire, Year III (November 27, 1794); In it, he proposed the creation of a single “Central School of Health” in Paris; the members of the Convention, who were broadly in favor of decentralization, called for the creation of other similar schools in Montpellier and Strasbourg, and it was on this basis that the report was adopted on 14 Frimaire (December 4).

    Chaussier returned to Dijon, where he resumed his lectures and studies as well as the duties entrusted to him: he had been appointed physician of the Dijon Hospices in April 1793 and Prison Surgeon; he did not remain there long, however, as he was recalled to Paris to occupy the chair of anatomy and physiology at the School of Health. Chaussier was, in the words of Joseph-Henri Réveillé-Parise, the most famous professor of physiology at the École de Paris: he argued that vitalism was the foundation of all studies in physiology.

    A decree dated 7 Vendémiaire, Year III (September 28, 1794) officially established the École Centrale des Travaux Publics, which would later become the École Polytechnique, the Board of Directors proposed, less than a month after the school opened, to establish an infirmary there and to appoint a “health officer” (the revolutionary term for doctors) to care for sick students and also to teach lessons on “the art of preventing and alleviating diseases.” The roster of École Polytechnique staff for the following year lists him as an assistant to Claude Louis Berthollet, “simultaneously responsible for the courses in Zootechnics and Public Health, and School Physician”: in fact, he taught Berthollet’s course during the latter’s absence in Italy in 1796–1797. After the formalization of chemistry instruction, Chaussier appears to have abandoned teaching this science and confined himself almost entirely to his duties as a physician.

    In 1799, *Les tables synoptiques* was published to great acclaim. It provides a summary of the physiology, pathology, and treatment of the various anatomical systems of the human body.

    On May 9, 1804, he was appointed Physician of the Maternity Hospitals and entrusted with the chairmanship of the medical examination boards for the examinations to become a Public Health Officer, Pharmacist, and Midwife for the district of the Paris Faculty of Medicine.

    He was a member of the commission appointed by the Minister of the Interior in October 1810 to study “secret remedies”; there he worked alongside André Marie Constant Duméril, Jean-Joseph Menuret, and Nicolas Deyeux.

    In 1815, after the fall of the First Empire, he was replaced as physician at the École Polytechnique, but he retained his chair at the Faculty until November 21, 1822, when the Restoration reorganized the Faculty: he was appointed honorary professor and his chair was revoked. He was deeply embittered by this, and the next day, he suffered a stroke that temporarily left him unable to speak or walk. He recovered, however, though he remained hemiplegic—a condition that did not prevent him from continuing his work at the Maternity Hospital.

    On May 6, 1823, he was admitted tothe Academy of Sciences.

    Between 1824 and 1827, he published several works on forensic medicine: “Forensic Manual of Poisons, Preceded by Considerations on Poisoning”14, “Collection of Papers, Consultations, and Reports on Various Topics in Forensic Medicine”15, “A Forensic Medical Treatise on the Viability of the Newborn, Presented toHis Excellency the Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice”16

    François Chaussier died at his home in Paris on June 19, 1828, at the age of 81, from a stroke.

    He was buried at Père-Lachaise Cemetery (18th division) on June 21: Nicolas-Philibert Adelon delivered a speech on behalf of the Academy; Marie-Alexandre Désormaux, representing the Faculty, did the same; and Duméril, on behalf of the Royal Academy of Sciences, read a lengthy eulogy.

    Franck CHAUSSIER, thesecond son, followed in his father's footsteps and defended his doctoral dissertation in 1827 in Montpellier.

    He is a French physician, a professor at the Paris Faculty of Medicine, and a member of the Royal Academy of Medicine and the Academy of Sciences.

    Chaussier was the chief editor of the articles on pharmacy inthe *Encyclopédie méthodique*13.

    Angélique Marguerite Le BOURSIER du COUDRAY

    She was born in 1712 in Clermont-Ferrand to a family of doctors.

    For the first three years, she studied under Anne BAIRSIN, a midwife.

    On September 26, 1739, she received her diploma and shortly thereafter became a licensed midwife.

    She worked as a master midwife at Châtelet in Paris for sixteen years.

    In 1752, to put theory into practice, she published a book titled *A Summary of the Art of Childbirth*.

    In 1754, she returned to Auvergne and began giving free lessons.

    In 1758, she designed her famous demonstration “machine” (made of wood, cardboard, fabric, and cotton), which was approved on December1 by the Academy of Surgery.

    During the two-month training course, the students were encouraged to practice on the mannequin.

    • In 1759 (or 1757 or 1767), Louis XV granted her a pension and issued her a royal charter authorizing her to teach throughout the kingdom; she embarked on an obstetric tour of France that would last 25 years and continue until 1783, during the reign of Louis XVI, training more than 5,000 women and surgeons.
    • In 1768, she enlisted the help of her niece, Mlle Marguerite GUILLOMANCE.
    • In 1769, asecond edition of her book was published, which she had illustrated with 26 charming color engravings.
    • In 1770, she hired a young surgeon in Bordeaux, Mr. COUTANCEAU, who married her niece shortly thereafter.
    • In 1789, she was staying with her niece.

    She died on April 16, 1794, at the age of 79, in Bordeaux, in poverty and solitude, with her niece and her husband absent. There is a Rue Angélique du Coudray in Thorigné-Fouillard and also a Rue Madame-du-Coudray in Clermont-Ferrand, her hometown. The maternity ward at the Melun Hospital (77) is also named after her.

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