INFORMATION / NEWS
Updated: October 13, 2026
Reservations for thesis defenses from November 2, 2026, through December 4, 2026, will be available in the auditorium starting on July 10, 2026, at 10:00 a.m. (Schedule 5 in the drop-down menu).
Schedule 3: All available time slots can be reserved by residents in all specialties.
PLEASE NOTE: For joint dissertations, you may only reserve the last time slot of the morning or afternoon. Please include the names of both candidates in the reservation description.
This committee is a faculty-level body with a preventive and supportive focus. Its mission is to identify, guide, and support residents facing personal, professional, or academic difficulties. Discussions take place in a confidential and constructive setting.
There's just one place to contact if you need help: med-csapinternes@umontpellier.fr
Other resources:My Health, My College
Throughout your journey, you may have several addresses, including:
Your graduate school address,
Your CHU email address
The address used for registration for the residency program,
Home address…
If these email addresses are not linked to your main account, duplicate entries may appear,resulting in the loss of access to your academic history, internships, or academic progress, as well as difficulties accessing the “Amphis de Choix” and “Docteur Junior” matching campaigns.
organize your email addresses,
merge your accounts if necessary,
secure your access to your data.
ℹ️ Please note: After merging accounts, it is recommendedthat you wait 15 minutes before logging back in to ensure that the changes have taken effect.
Please submit this request to your academic advisor (see the Contacts & Links)
There are two ways to pick up your diplomas:
In personat theGraduate Studies Office:
School of Medicine – 641 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud – Montpellier – 2nd Floor – Office 202
Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. and 1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.
By mail:
REGISTRATION
REGISTRATION:
Useful document: Sworn statementto be submitted as a required attachment on the registration platform.
As a reminder, the re-registration platform is not working:
– between 10 p.m. and 7 a.m.,
– from a tablet,
– from a smartphone.
Please note that it takes some time to process all re-registrations.
As soon as your application has been reviewed and approved by the Registrar's Office, you will be able to download your enrollment certificate and the tuition receipt for the 2026–2027 academic year from your digital learning platform.
Registration AUTOMATICALLY validates your ENT. Therefore, you do not need to take any action.
REMINDER: ENT username = your institutional email address (prenom.nom@etu.umontpellier.fr).
Questions? Before sending an email, please check the FAQ
Students are satisfied with the registration process:
91%of students are satisfied with the registration process:
96%of students completed their registration online:
86%of students are satisfied with the information posted on the registration page of their UFR (Faculty) / School / Institute
Registration deadline: October 31, 2026
Please note: The re-enrollment app is not available between 10:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m., nor can it be accessed from a tablet or cell phone.
Payment of the Student Life and Campus Fee (CVEC) is required before registration.
➡️ https://cvec.etudiant.gouv.fr
If no confirmation message appears after you complete your payment but you were able to finish the process, your registration has been successfully processed. Delays may occur during peak traffic times.
Once the Registrar’s Office has approved your application, your enrollment certificate will be available for download on your digital learning platform. PLEASE NOTE: If any supporting documents are missing or rejected, you will not be able to download your enrollment documents because your enrollment will not be finalized.
The 2026–2027 sticker required to update your student ID card is available at the Graduate Studies Office.
If you are not assigned to Montpellier, it can be sent to you by mail. Please submit a request to your administrator, specifying your mailing address.
If you have any problems, please contact:
📧 med-inscriptions-scol3@umontpellier.fr
Prospective interns assigned to the Montpellier-Nîmes School of Medicine must submit their applications on the E-Candidat platform between September 22, 2026, and October 23, 2026.
➡️ CVEC: https://cvec.etudiant.gouv.fr
The E-Candidat platform is used exclusively for submitting the documents required for your DES application.
Please note: The application may generate automated emails regarding your application or admission. Please disregard these emails.
Once the Registrar's Office has reviewed your application, your enrollment will be processed for the 2026–2027 academic year.
Tuition for 2026–2027: €526
Payment methods:
Once your registration has been approved, you will receive an automated message, and your enrollment certificate will be available on your digital learning platform.
You completed your clinical rotation in Montpellier:
The 2026–2027 sticker, which allows you to update your student ID card, is available from the Graduate Studies Office. It can be mailed to you upon request to your advisor.
You completed your clinical rotation at another school:
You can pick up your student ID card at the Registrar's Office starting November 2, 2026, once your enrollment has been confirmed.
The internship selection process, organized by the ARS Occitanie, will take place on:
📅 October 2, 2026
📍 Montpellier-Nîmes School of Medicine – ADV Health Campus
Updated: July 9, 2026.
REGULATIONS
List of Coordinators inMontpellierand Nîmes
Regulations
Decree No. 2021-781 of June 18, 2021 concerning the practice of medicine by postgraduate medical students and amending Article D. 4131-1 of the Public Health Code and Annex 41-1 referred to in that article.
Decree of March 19, 2019 amending the decree of April 21, 2017, concerning the knowledge, skills, and training curricula for specialized degree programs, and establishing the list of such degree programs, as well as specialized options and interdisciplinary training programs in postgraduate medical education
Decree of November 27, 2017 amending the decree of April 12, 2017, concerning the organization of postgraduate medical education, and the decree of April 21, 2017, concerning the knowledge, skills, and training curricula for specialized medical degrees, and establishing the list of such degrees, as well as the specialized options and interdisciplinary training programs in postgraduate medical education
Decree of April 21, 2017 concerning the knowledge, skills, and training curricula for D.E.S. degrees and establishing the list of these degrees, as well as the specialized and interdisciplinary options and training programs in postgraduate medical education.
Decree of April 12, 2017 regarding the organization of graduate medical studies.
Decree No. 2018-571 of July 3, 2018 establishing provisions applicable to graduate students in medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy
Decree of January 15, 2020 regarding the list of specialties for which junior physicians may be authorized, upon request, to participate in medical on-call and standby duty pursuant to Article R. 6153-1-5 of the Public Health Code
Decree of January 16, 2020 regarding the framework for clinical scenarios and the stages of the training program enabling junior physicians to gradually acquire independent professional practice, pursuant to Article R. 6153-1-2 of the Public Health Code
Decree of February 17, 2020 amending the order of January 16, 2020, regarding the framework for clinical scenarios and the stages of the training program enabling junior physicians to gradually acquire independent professional practice, pursuant to Article R. 6153-1-2 of the Public Health Code.
Decree of July 30, 2021 regarding the organization of clinical rotations for the consolidation phase of the third cycle of medical studies during the 2021–2022 academic year
BOARDING SCHOOL
Reference : Amended Order of April 12, 2017, Sections 7 and 8
“A student who wishes to change majors must have been ranked, following the national placement exams, at a position at least equal to that of the last candidate from the same national placement exams who has not signed a public service commitment contract (CESP) at the time of the national selection process provided for in Article R. 632-7 of the Education Code and assigned, within the same subdivision, to the specialty to which they are requesting to switch.”
Pursuant to Article R 632-11 of the Education Code, students in postgraduate medical programs may request… no later than during the second semester of Phase 2 ( advanced studies) to change their specialty.
For students in Medical Biology, the application must be submitted during the final semester of the foundational phase.
Only semesters that have been successfully completed are taken into account.
Any change of specialty is FINAL and may be made only once.
Practical Details
==============================================
If, following the ECN exams based on which the student was definitively assigned, not all open positions in a specialty at the subdivision level have been filled, the student may request a change of specialty regardless of ranking.
However, if the number of applications exceeds the number of unfilled positions, applications are reviewed based on the ranking of students who wish to make this change. The procedure is then similar to that for a standard change of major (see above).
Any change of specialty is FINAL and may be made only once.
==============================================
A so-called exceptional procedure may be carried out within the subdivision, subject to the fulfillment of all of the following conditions.
The authority to decide on the publication of any job openings following the national qualifying exams—which could affect the demographic balance of healthcare professionals within the region—rests with the Director General of the Occitanie Regional Health Agency (ARS), in conjunction with the Dean of the Montpellier-Nîmes Faculty of Medicine and the relevant local coordinator.
This procedure does not constitute a right for students.
All members of the graduating class affected by the job opening are notified of it by email. The list of job openings is available via the ARS’s PAPS portal:
https://www.occitanie.paps.sante.fr/postes-vacants-suite-ecn?parent=15610
Any change of specialty is FINAL and may be made only once.
Updated: April 7, 2026
On this page, you will find the procedures regarding the validation committees for the D.E.S. and D.E.S.C.
The link is updated very frequently; please check it often.
DES Validation – October 2026 Session
First tab in the Excel spreadsheet: DES Second tab: DESC
If you have any further questions, please contact your DES/DESC coordinator directly.
The Intern Office does not have any information beyond what is posted in the link above.
You have already defended your dissertation and completed your residency. We will send both certificates of completion (Doctor of Medicine + DES) together to the Medical Board of your choice. Please let us know via email which Medical Board is concerned:
Sending your certificates of completion directly to the Bar Association via email eliminates the need for time-consuming verification processes and saves you time.
Certificates of completion will be sent to the CDOM in April or October. The date of issuance specified on the certificate of completion will be the date your residency ends.
The validity of these certificates of completion is recognized in France. The Council of the Order of Physicians accepts them to support registration applications submitted by new doctors pending the subsequent issuance of the final diploma. Abroad, their validity is often disputed. At the request of the individual concerned, the Interns’ Office may issue a statement specifying the legal validity of this certificate, which should be submitted to the authorities of the country that requires it.
Final diplomas will be issued six months to one year after the defense, only upon upon request. The availability of diplomas will be indicated in the INFORMATION section of the website.
FST / OPTIONS
During graduate studies, a student may be permitted to choose either a concentration or a cross-disciplinary specialized program.
The curriculum outlines for specialized degree programs specify the tracks in which students are permitted to enroll. Admission to specialized tracks and interdisciplinary programs is based on the student’s career plan.
The resident follows the track or interdisciplinary specialized training program for which he or she was authorized to enroll during the academic year for which the position was opened.
Application deadline: APRIL 30
To apply, please fill out this form.
All applications are ranked by the FST coordinators and program directors.
The final decision on admission is made by the Dean based on these rankings and the annual decree specifying the number of spots available for each program.
The decision will be communicated internally via email by the end of June at the latest.
Enrollment takes effect at the start of the next academic year.
Contacts:
FST Models:
FST Oncology: Medical Treatments for Cancer
FST in Congenital Pediatric Cardiology
FST: Orbital, Eyelid, and Lacrimal Surgery
FST: Surgery in War or Disaster Situations
FST Medical Expertise on Personal Injury
Genetic FST and Bioclinical Molecular Medicine
Pediatric Hematology-Oncology FST
FST: Hygiene, Infection Prevention, and Antimicrobial Resistance
FST Medicine in Wartime or During Public Health Emergencies (SSE)
FST Medicine and Reproductive Biology, Andrology
==> FST School Health Information: CNEMS POSTER
FST in Medical and Therapeutic Pharmacology
Updated: September 15, 2025
The first round begins in mid-October, with an accreditation committee meeting in February. It processes applications for accreditation effective as of the following May semester.
The second round begins in mid-March, with an accreditation committee meeting in June or July. It processes applications for accreditation effective as of the following November semester.
On this page, you will find the following list for each certification campaign:
as well as the start dates for each campaign.
The list of approved internship sites can be viewed at any time via the link to the ARS PAPS portal: ARS
To simplify the process for internship site supervisors, the approval management procedure is changing.
The submission platform is now reserved EXCLUSIVELY for new applications for approval of a new training site.
Therefore, it is no longer necessary to submit all applications through the UNESS Agrément platform, as was previously the case.
Would you like to obtain approval for a new training site?
In that case, you must submit a new application for approval through the dedicated platform.
You will need to fill out the required fields and attach the following documents:
In particular, the resume must list the degree(s) earned.
Reminder: A primary accreditation for the specialty may be granted when the RTS or University Internship Supervisor (MSU) is qualified, holds the corresponding DESC, or can demonstrate sufficient experience in the practice of the specialty and in supervising students, as assessed by the subdivision committee.
This document must specify:
Do you already have an approval and want to modify it?
Do not use the filing platform.
The following situations are now handled directly via email:
In such cases, please send your request to: med-agrements@umontpellier.fr
The list of approved internship sites can be viewed at any time via the link to the ARS PAPS portal: ARS
Your certification is about to expire, and you would like to renew it
Do not use the filing platform.
Please send your request by email, specifying the approval number, the name of the training site, and the name of the RTS: med-agrements@umontpellier.fr
The list of approved internship sites can be viewed at any time via the link to the ARS PAPS portal: ARS
Tutorials
Petitioners:
Application for a New Certification: Tutorial on Submitting a New Certification Application
Coordinators:
Tutorial to Help Evaluate Applications: Coordinators' Tutorial
REGULATIONS: Amended Decree of April 12, 2017, on the Organization of Postgraduate Medical Education – Section 2 – Articles 32 through 40-1
The accreditation certifies that the internship site or the university’s supervising practitioner is qualified to provide internships, as specified in the curriculum frameworks, for graduate students enrolled in the specializations, tracks, and interdisciplinary specialized programs for which it is granted.
– a primary accreditation in the specialty in which the medical director of the training site or the university clinical instructor is qualified, or for which he or she holds the corresponding postgraduate diploma in medicine, or for which he or she can demonstrate sufficient experience in practice and in supervising students, as assessed by the subdivision committee convened for the purpose of accreditation. Any primary accreditation is proposed by the subdivision committee convened for the purpose of accreditation based on the submission of an initial application or a renewal application, the composition of which is set forth in Article 35 of this order;
– additional accreditation in one or more specialties for which the internship site or the university’s supervising practitioner is recognized as a trainer. This recognition is granted by the subdivision committee, meeting in its accreditation session, when it reviews the application for primary accreditation of the clinical training site or the university clinical instructor, or at a later date and for the remaining term of the accreditation;
– a functional accreditation under an option or one or more specialized interdisciplinary training programs for which the internship site or the university’s supervising practitioner is recognized as a trainer. This recognition is granted at any time by the subdivision committee meeting in its accreditation session when it reviews either the application for primary or supplementary accreditation, if applicable, for the clinical training site or the university clinical instructor, or the application for functional accreditation in the absence of an application for primary or supplementary accreditation, in accordance with the procedures set forth in Article 35 of this order.
TRAINING COURSES OUTSIDE THE REGION
Reference: Amended Order of April 12, 2017, Section 5, Article 45
You are a resident in the Montpellier subdivision (Eastern Occitanie) and would like to apply for an internship outside the region.
You are a resident in another subdivision and would like to apply for an out-of-region internship in the Montpellier (Eastern Occitanie) subdivision.
For an internship at Montpellier University Hospital: Contact the Medical Affairs Department at Montpellier University Hospital: damsco-internes-ffi@chu-montpellier.fr
For an internship at the Nîmes University Hospital: Contact the Medical Affairs Department at the Nîmes University Hospital:internes.etudiants@chu-nimes.fr
To apply for an internship at a hospital or any other facility in the subdivision: submit your application to the facility in question and send a copy to the ARS: ARS-OC-DPR-INTERNAT-SUBD-MONTPELLIER@ars.sante.fr
For an internship with a university-affiliated supervising practitioner (MSU): Submit your request to the relevant coordinator and send a copy to the faculty: med-specialites@umontpellier.fr + a copy to the ARS: ARS-OC-DPR-INTERNAT-SUBD-MONTPELLIER@ars.sante.fr
For any request for an endorsement from the Dean—Prof. Isabelle Laffont—please send the attached form, to be signed, along with the endorsement from the supervisor of the relevant internship site, to the following email address: med-specialites@umontpellier.fr
The Montpellier Committee for Out-of-Region "Incoming" Internships, coordinated by the Montpellier University Hospital, meets twice a year: in January (for the May semester) and in July (for the November semester).
THESES
RESEARCH YEAR
Reference: Decree of October 4, 2006 as amended, defining the organizational procedures for the research year during the graduate phase of medical, dental, and pharmacy studies.
The purpose of the research year is to provide certain residents with solid training in research. To achieve this, the project must involve full immersion in the world of research, preferably distinct from routine clinical practice and from PHRC-type research projects that are already well-funded through other sources. It may be written in French or English.
The Commission will meet on Tuesday, June 30, 2026.
Applications must be submitted via email only (deadline: June 15, 2026) med-anneerecherche@umontpellier.fr
MASTER 2 INFORMATION – APPLICATION INFORMATION – Starting in APRIL 2026 on the e-candidat platform (blue database)
We strongly recommend that you contact the program coordinators for the training program of your choice through the designated websites (residents in their research year are highly valued).
IMPORTANT: Youmust submit your application for admission to the M2 program via the e-candidat platform:https://candidature.umontpellier.fr/candidature/#!accueilView
before the deadline specified for the track of your choice, and BEFORE you attend the auditions for the Research Year Committee.
All the information is available on the websites for each master's program; here are the main links related to the Health track, Health Biology, Health Sciences and Digital Technologies, and Sports Science and Physical Education.
For the Master 2 program in Health Biology at the Faculty of Sciences:Master's program website:http://masterbs.edu.umontpellier.fr/accueil/
Application Deadline: APRIL through JUNE 2026
We recommend that you contact the program coordinators, whose contact information is available on the master’s program website, to introduce yourself. Please note that for the Biology and Health track, the programs are divided into three components.
Please note that the academic calendar is different for the Biology and Health track at the School of Medicine.
Programs at the Faculty of Sciences: Cancer– Biology; Epigenetics, Genetics, and Cell Biology (EpiGenBio); IBIS (Therapeutic Engineering and Bioproduction in Health Biotechnology); Infection Biology; Experimental and Regenerative Medicine (MER); Neurosciences; Quantitative Biology (qBIO);
Programs at the School of Pharmacy:Translational Medical Chemistry; Sensory and Motor Neuroprostheses;I BIS (Therapeutic Engineering and Bioproduction in Health Biotechnology).
Courses at the School of Medicine:Project Management and Innovation in Biotechnology (BIOTIN);Management and Evaluation of Clinical Trials; IDIL
For the Master 2 program in Health and Health Biology at the School of Medicine:Master's program website: https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/etudes-et-formations/masters/
Application deadline: APRIL through MAY 2026
We recommend that you contact the program coordinators, whose contact information is listed on the master's program website, to introduce yourself.
In the Health track of the School of Medicine, there are several program options:
1- Master's in Health, EDSB Track: https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/etudes-et-formations/masters/edsb/
2- Master's in Health, REHAB Track: https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/etudes-et-formations/masters/rehab/
3- Master's in Health, SDTT Track: https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/etudes-et-formations/masters/sdtt/
4- Master's in Health Sciences, Social Sciences and Humanities Track – CARE, HUMANITY, SOCIETY: https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/etudes-et-formations/masters/shs/
5-Master's in Health Sciences, Gerontology Track: https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/etudes-et-formations/masters/gerontologie/
Application deadline: APRIL through MAY 2026
In the Biology and Health track at the School of Medicine, you have three options:
1-Master's in Health Biology,Specialization in Management and Evaluation of Clinical Trials:https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/etudes-et-formations/masters/essais-therapeutiques
2-Master's in Health Biology,Project Management and Innovation in Biotechnology Track (BIOTIN):https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/etudes-et-formations/masters/biotin
3-Master's in Health Biology, IDIL Track:https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/etudes-et-formations/masters/master-idil/
Application deadline: APRIL through MAY 2026
For the Master 2 in Science and Digital Technology for Health:Master's program website:https://sns.edu.umontpellier.fr/fr/master-sciences-numerique-pour-la-sante-montpellier/
Application deadline: APRIL through JUNE 2026
We recommend that you contact the program coordinators, whose contact information is listed on the master's program website, to introduce yourself
2 courses:
Master's in Digital Health Sciences, Health Device Engineering (IDS) Track
Master's in Digital Health Sciences, Biomedical Physics Track
For the Master 2 in Sports Science (STAPS):Master's program websitehttps://staps.edu.umontpellier.fr/formations/master-staps/
Application deadline: by June 2026
We recommend that you contact the program coordinator, whose email address is listed on the master's program website, to introduce yourself.
USEFUL CONTACTS
Montpellier:
Mailing Address: 2, rue Ecole de Médecine CS 59001 – 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2
Physical Address: Campus Santé A. de Villeneuve, Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud – Montpellier – Office 202 – 2nd floor
Enrollment Administrators:
♣ General Medicine : med-mg@umontpellier.fr (Ms. BESSONE and Ms. PORTAL).
Coralie BESSONE – 04 34 43 35 40 coralie.bessone@umontpellier.fr
Plastic, Reconstructive, and Cosmetic Surgery
Medical Genetics
Hematology
Célia BENZEGHIBA – 04 34 43 35 58 celia.benzeghiba@umontpellier.fr
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Pediatric Surgery
Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
Vascular Surgery
General Gynecology
Obstetrics and Gynecology
Cardiovascular Medicine
Infectious and Tropical Diseases
Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology
Nuclear Medicine
Occupational Medicine and Health
Vascular Medicine
Oncology
Ophthalmology
Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery
Pediatrics
Psychiatry
Radiology and Medical Imaging
Public Health
Urology
Katarina NOVAKOVIC-LAIGRE – 04 34 43 35 38 katarina.novakovic-laigre@umontpellier.fr
Allergology
Pathological Anatomy and Cytology
Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
Medical Biology
Oral Surgery
Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery
Visceral and Digestive Surgery
Dermatology and Venereology
Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition
Hepatology and Gastroenterology
Emergency Medicine
Intensive Care Medicine
Forensic Medicine and Medical Expert Opinions
Nephrology
Neurosurgery
Neurology
Pulmonology
Rheumatology
Béatrice PORTAL – 04 34 43 35 41 beatrice.portal@umontpellier.fr
Geriatrics
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Office Manager
As part of your Skills Consolidation Program (PCC), you must enroll in an undergraduate program.
As an EVC awardee, you are required to enroll in a university that has a training and research unit (UFR) offering the program corresponding to your profession and, if applicable, your specialty.
You must enroll at the university affiliated with your place of assignment, in this case, the Montpellier campus.
This requirement is set forth in the following regulations:
As part of the licensing process, you must complete a skills consolidation program (PCC):
Your university enrollment is the second step in the licensing process and is essential for completing your PCC.
Please send the following documents to this address: medecine-laureatsdesevc@umontpellier.fr
– Valid identification and residence permit
– Proof of personal liability insurance for the current academic year
– Assignment letter from the CNG
– Employment contract with the Hospital Center
– Copies of diplomas, translated into French by a certified translator
– Payment of €526 by bank transfer, credit card, or check.
⊗ DU/DIU-MASTER: If you are required to enroll in a DU/DIU-MASTER program, this does not exempt you from enrolling in a graduate program and must take place AFTER you have enrolled ina graduate program.
If you have already registered for a DU/DIU-MASTER program, please let your advisor know, as this will affect the amount of yourgraduate-level tuition.
The School of Medicine has a Department of General Medicine (DUMG). This department, headed by Dr. David Costa, has a dedicated website that you can find below:
Marie-Anne GILLAIN was born in 1773 in Montreuil, near Versailles.
She was sent to boarding school with the Sisters of the Visitation.
During the Revolution, she took refuge in Etampes, at the home of a relative who was the mother superior of the Hospitalières de l’Hôtel-Dieu.
There she attended the surgeon’s lectures and served for two and a half years, from 1793 to 1796, as a hospital volunteer—that is, as a layperson who volunteered her services to the poor and sick.
In 1797, she returned to Versailles to marry Louis BOIVIN, deputy office manager at the National Domains.
She became pregnant early on, but in 1798, at the age of 25, she was suddenly widowed, left destitute, and with a young daughter to raise.
She then decided to put to use the knowledge she had gained from the surgeon at the Hôtel-Dieu d’Étampes and enrolled in the Midwifery School at the Maternité in 1799.
In 1800, she graduated and left for Versailles to be reunited with her daughter and pursue her career.
In 1801, following the death of her daughter, she obtained permission from Marie-Louise Lachapelle to return to the Maternity Hospice
In 1803, she was appointed chief supervisor of the breastfeeding unit. She held this position for eleven years, until 1814. During this long tenure, she took the opportunity to attend lectures given by her patron, the surgeons at the Maternity Hospital (Baudelocque, then Dubois), and the chief physicians (Andry, and especially Chaussier), from whom she gathered insights and lessons.
In 1812, she wrote and published *A Treatise on the Art of Childbirth*. The work was approved by the Ministry of the Interior, which included it among the textbooks given to graduates of the Maternity School.
In 1814, the position of supervisor that she held was eliminated, and she was dismissed with a gratuity equal to her annual salary, or 360 francs.
Starting in October, she was hired as a storekeeper and steward at the Poissy General Hospital, a position she held until January 1819, when the General Hospital was converted into a prison.
Little is known about this period of her life: Did she continue her obstetric practice despite her new, more administrative duties? Did she do so at the general hospital? Or with a private clientele? In any case, it appears that for a time she received a comfortable annual salary of 1,200 francs—almost as much as the head midwife at the Maternity Hospital.
In 1818, she entered the Paris Medical Society’s competition anonymously, submitting a paper on internal uterine hemorrhages. She was awarded the medal.
On February1, 1819, she joined the Maison Royale de Santé in Paris as chief supervising midwife, with a modest salary of 350 francs per year.
In 1821, an opportunity for promotion arose following the death of Marie-Louise Lachapelle.
According to procedure, the General Council of the Hospices must submit to the Minister of the Interior a list of five female candidates to succeed the renowned midwife.
On November 14, 1821, the Council voted to approve a list with Marie-Anne Boivin at the top; she received 12 out of 12 votes in the first round of voting to select the top candidate.
A month and a half later, the Minister of the Interior endorsed the Council's decision.
But the winner declined the position (or rather, resigned), forcing the board to propose another list. Why the refusal? All contemporary biographers attribute this decision to a public promise Marie-Anne Boivin is said to have made to her former patroness never to replace her, even after her death. If this is true, she kept her word, and another midwife, Madeleine Catherine Legrand, was appointed in 1822.
Marie-Anne Boivin therefore continued to practice at the Maison Royale de Santé, where she amassed a body of observations, publications, and honors.
In 1828, she presented a paper on spontaneous abortions, which was awarded a prize by the Bordeaux Medical Society.
In September 1835, at the age of 62, worn out and exhausted, she retired and urged the hospice board to grant her a pension. Finally, after suffering a first stroke that left her with hemiplegia, she died in May 1841.
In 1902, one of the rooms in the renovated maternity ward was named after Marie-Anne Boivin.
She was born in 1563 on Boulevard Saint-Germain or in Mons to a family of doctors.
In 1594, she married Martin BOURSIER, a master surgeon and student of Ambroise PARÉ.
She finds herself without any means of support when her husband is enlisted in the king's army.
She quickly gained a reputation among the ladies of the court and delivered the queen's children six times.
She is paid 500 crowns for the birth of a boy and 300 for the birth of a girl.
It lost its fame following the death of Marie de Bourbon-Montpensier, wife of Gaston d’Orléans, during the birth of the Grande Mademoiselle.
According to the surgeons who performed the autopsy on the woman who had given birth, her death was attributed to placental debris remaining in the uterus, and Louise Bourgeois was subsequently accused of negligence.
At that time, there were few male obstetricians practicing, and they were trying to gain the upper hand over the midwives' guild.
Louise questions their competence by harshly criticizing the autopsy findings and the skills of the obstetricians; however, her response has the opposite effect of what she intended, as it ends up giving them publicity.
She was the first midwife to write a book on obstetrics, *Various Observations on Infertility, Miscarriage, Fertility, Childbirth, and Diseases of Women and Newborns*, published in 1609.
In this book, she points out that infertility in a couple can be caused by the male partner, even though, like the doctors of that era, she confuses the ability to procreate with sexual vigor.
She identified the role of malnutrition in fetal health, and she was the first to prescribe iron supplements to treat anemia.
She emphasizes the importance of anatomical knowledge for midwives and urges doctors to allow them to attend lectures and dissection sessions.
In 1636, the Parisian midwives submitted a petition to the Faculty of Medicine requesting that Louise Bourgeois be allowed to teach them obstetrics, but their request was denied.
Subsequently, however, one of her students, Marguerite du Tertre de la Marche, was appointed head of the midwives at the Hôtel-Dieu and succeeded in overhauling their training program.
She died on December 20, 1636, on Boulevard Saint-Germain at the age of 73.
He was born on November 30, 1745, in Heilly, Picardy.
He was the son of Jean Baptiste BAUDELOCQUE, a surgeon, and Anne Marguerite LEVASSEUR. His brothers Félix Honoré (1744–1794) and Jean Baptiste (1749–1800) were both doctors. He was the third of ten children.
It was his father who introduced him to surgery in the countryside of Picardy.
He completed his studies in Paris at the Hôpital de la Charité, where a renowned professor of obstetrics, Solayrès de Renhac (1737–1772), was on staff.
In 1772, following Solayrès’s untimely death at the age of 35, he collected the manuscripts of his lectures and succeeded him as professor of obstetrics at the Hôpital de la Charité. Thanks to Baudelocque, Solayrès’s work was saved from oblivion.
In 1775, at the initiative of Augier du FOT, a surgeon and instructor of childbirth in Soissons, he published—based on manuscripts bequeathed by Solayrès de RENHAC—the first edition of a manual intended for the training of midwives. This work was later republished under his name alone, under the title“Principles on the Art of Childbirth: Questions and Answers for Midwifery Students.” It underwent three reprints during Baudelocque’s lifetime and three more posthumously.
In 1776, following the defense of his dissertation on symphysotomy, titled“An in partu propter angustiam pelvis impossibili, symphysis ossium secanda?,” he was appointed surgeon at the Hôpital de la Charité in Paris and was awarded the title of Master of Surgery by the Paris College of Surgery.
On April 5 or 6, 1777, in Paris, he married Andrée DERULLIER (née de Vulier, de Voulier, de Rullie, or de Rouillier), whose family made models of pregnant women for demonstrations in childbirth classes; she died on January 4, 1787, without children.
In 1781 and 1789, he published the first two editions of his scholarly treatise*The Art of Childbirth* in two volumes. He became famous for his forceps, his practice of cesarean sections, and the invention of the pelvimeter, which measures the external anteroposterior diameter to identify patients who might experience difficulties during childbirth.
On September 14, 1788, in Amiens, he married Marie Catherine Rose Laurent; the couple had five children (three daughters and two sons).
During the French Revolution, the guilds and faculties were abolished. Hospitals lost some of their staff and funding. Baudelocque, however, managed to build a reputation as an obstetrician thanks to a clientele in the city and private obstetrics classes.
In 1794, the former Faculty of Medicine was replaced by the École centrale de Santé de Paris, where he was responsible for teaching courses to medical students and midwives.
In October 1795, the Hospice de la Maternité took in poor women and unwed mothers to assist them during childbirth and provided clinical training for midwives and doctors from the École de Santé.
In addition, this facility also takes in abandoned children.
In 1798, Baudelocque, in addition to his position as professor of obstetrics at the Paris School of Health, became chief surgeon at the Maternity Hospital.
In 1802, the Hospice de la Maternité school was founded, where Baudelocque put his teaching skills to use, employing mannequins to help students practice examinations and obstetric procedures. He emphasized observation over intervention, preferring to let nature take its course and using instruments as little as possible.
Busy with his many responsibilities, he delegated part of his authority to the head midwife of the Maternity Ward, Marie-Louise Lachapelle (1769–1821), who took on part of the training of the midwifery students and was authorized to use forceps on her own in the event of a difficult delivery.
He was involved in a sensational lawsuit brought against him by an obstetrician, Jean François Sacombe, a fierce opponent of cesarean sections and a defender of traditional midwifery practices. Sacombe, who had set himself up as a defender of midwives and accused Baudelocque of infanticide, ultimately lost his case in 1804 and, in the process, any sense of moderation.
In 1806, Napoleon appointed Jean-Louis Baudelocque to the chair of obstetrics, the first chair in a medical specialty in France.
He became the obstetrician to the queens of Spain, Holland, and Naples, as well as to all the ladies of the court.
He had been chosen and selected in advance to deliver the heir awaited by Napoleon and Empress Marie-Louise of Austria. But, struck down by a cerebral hemorrhage, he would not live to see the birth of the King of Rome.
He died on May 2 or 3, 1810, at 16 Rue Jacob in Paris (6th arrondissement), where he lived, at the age of 65.
He was buried in the Vaugirard West Cemetery, then exhumed due to land acquisition for the construction of what is now Boulevard Pasteur.
He was then buried on August 17, 1839, at Père-Lachaise Cemetery (45thdivision).
He was the most famous obstetrician of his time.
A doctor at the Hôpital des Enfants Malades, he would lend his name to the Baudelocque Clinic in 1890.
In 1966, the Port-Royal Maternity Hospital was built. The two facilities merged in 1993 (14th arrondissement of Paris).
There is now a midwifery school on Avenue Denfert-Rochereau that bears her name.
He was born on July 2, 1746, in Dijon, in the parish of Saint Pierre.
His father was a master glazier.
After completing his training at the hospital in Dijon, his mother sent him to Paris to continue his medical studies, and he enrolled at the Royal College of Surgery, where he attended classes regularly from 1765 to 1767 and took anatomy courses taught by Raphaël SABATIER and Jean-Joseph SUE.
At the same time, he was learning the basics of surgery at Lafaye’s clinics and, in the afternoons, at those of Isaac GOURSAUD.
His years of surgical training came to an end in 1768, when he earned the title of Master of Surgery; he then settled in Dijon as a surgeon
He married Jeanne CARRE, the daughter and granddaughter of a master surgeon, on July 27, 1767, in Quetigny, Côte d’Or. Together they had a son, Bernard François Hector (1769–1837).
In 1769, he began teaching a free course in human and comparative anatomy, which was attended by many students for more than ten years.
In 1774, the Estates of Burgundy established a chemistry program with Louis-Bernard GUYTON de MORVEAU as the tenured professor and Hugues MARET and François CHAUSSIER as assistants. Upon MARET’s death in 1786, he was promoted to second professor of chemistry.
In Dijon, his professional qualities earned him the favor of his patients, and his reputation quickly spread beyond Burgundy; he distinguished himself at the Academy of Surgery through several presentations, and as a result, he was awarded the Academy’s Gold Medal at the public session on April 10, 1777.
He received his Doctor of Medicine degree from the University of Besançon on January 14, 1780, and in 1784, he became a corresponding member of the Royal Society of Medicine. That same year, he was admitted to the Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Literature in Dijon, where he became secretary-general following the retirement of Guyton de Morveau.
In 1785, at the request of the Estates of Burgundy, he published a popular guide on the treatment of bites from rabid animals: “Method for Treating Bites from Rabid Animals and Vipers; Followed by a Brief Treatise on the Malignant Pustule” (with Joseph Enaux, 1726–1798).
In 1789, he published a study on the muscles of the human body, in which he proposed a more rational classification than the one taught up to that point: “A Summary Exposition of the Muscles of the Human Body According to the Methodical Classification and Nomenclature Adopted in the Public Anatomy Course at Dijon”; this work was reprinted in 1797.
On December 20, 1789, he read a paper titled “Surgical-Forensic Observations on an Important Point of Criminal Jurisprudence” at the Academy of Dijon, in which he demonstrated the role that physicians could play in informing the judicial system; this work attracted attention, and the following year he launched a course in forensic medicine in Dijon.
On 3 Nivôse, Year III (December 23, 1794), he married Angélique LABOREY in Dijon (Crébillon District); they also had a son, Franck Bernard Simon (1804–1866).
In 1794, Antoine-François Fourcroy was tasked by the National Convention with reorganizing medical education and sought out a prominent figure who could provide him with the details of this reorganization. Claude-Antoine Prieur-Duvernois, from the Côte-d’Or, who headed the Department of Science and the Arts within the Committee of Public Safety, recommended François Chaussier, who thus joined the Committee of Public Instruction: he drafted a report and a proposed decree, which he read from the rostrum of the Convention on 7 Frimaire, Year III (November 27, 1794); In it, he proposed the creation of a single “Central School of Health” in Paris; the members of the Convention, who were largely in favor of decentralization, called for the creation of other similar schools in Montpellier and Strasbourg, and it was on this basis that the report was adopted on the 14th of Frimaire (December 4).
Chaussier returned to Dijon, where he resumed his lectures and studies as well as the duties that had been entrusted to him: he had been appointed physician of the Dijon Hospices in April 1793 and Prison Surgeon; he did not remain there long, however, as he was recalled to Paris to occupy the chair of anatomy and physiology at the School of Health. Chaussier was, in the words of Joseph-Henri Réveillé-Parise, the most famous professor of physiology at the École de Paris: he argued that vitalism was the foundation of all studies in physiology.
A decree dated 7 Vendémiaire, Year III (September 28, 1794) officially established the École Centrale des Travaux Publics, which would later become the École Polytechnique, the Board of Directors proposed, less than a month after the school opened, to establish an infirmary there and to appoint a “health officer” (the revolutionary term for doctors) to treat sick students and also to give lessons on “the art of preventing and alleviating diseases.” The roster of École Polytechnique staff for the following year lists him as an assistant to Claude Louis Berthollet, “simultaneously responsible for the courses in Zootechnics and Public Health, and School Physician”: in fact, he taught Berthollet’s course during the latter’s absence in Italy in 1796–1797. After the formalization of chemistry instruction, Chaussier appears to have abandoned teaching this science and confined himself almost entirely to his duties as a physician.
In 1799, *Les tables synoptiques* was published to great acclaim. It provides a summary of the physiology, pathology, and treatment of the various anatomical systems of the human body.
On May 9, 1804, he was appointed Physician of the Maternity Hospices and entrusted with the chairmanship of the medical examination boards for the examinations to become a Public Health Officer, Pharmacist, and Midwife for the district of the Paris Faculty of Medicine.
He was a member of the commission appointed by the Minister of the Interior in October 1810 to study “secret remedies”; there he worked alongside André Marie Constant Duméril, Jean-Joseph Menuret, and Nicolas Deyeux.
In 1815, after the fall of the First Empire, he was replaced as physician at the École Polytechnique, but he retained his chair at the Faculty until November 21, 1822, when the Restoration altered the Faculty’s organization: he was appointed honorary professor and his chair was revoked. He was deeply embittered by this, and the next day, he suffered a stroke that temporarily left him unable to speak or walk. He recovered, however, though he remained hemiplegic—a condition that did not prevent him from continuing his work at the Maternity Hospital.
On May 6, 1823, he was admitted tothe Academy of Sciences.
Between 1824 and 1827, he published several works on forensic medicine: “Forensic Manual of Poisons, Preceded by Considerations on Poisoning”14, “Collection of Papers, Consultations, and Reports on Various Topics in Forensic Medicine”15, “A Forensic Medical Treatise on the Viability of the Newborn, Presented toHis Excellency the Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice”16
François Chaussier died at his home in Paris on June 19, 1828, at the age of 81, from a stroke.
He was buried at Père-Lachaise Cemetery (18th division) on June 21: Nicolas-Philibert Adelon delivered a speech on behalf of the Academy; Marie-Alexandre Désormaux, representing the Faculty, did the same; and Duméril, on behalf of the Royal Academy of Sciences, read a lengthy eulogy.
Thesecond son, Franck CHAUSSIER, followed in his father's footsteps and defended his doctoral dissertation in 1827 in Montpellier.
He is a French physician, a professor at the Paris Faculty of Medicine, and a member of the Royal Academy of Medicine and the Academy of Sciences.
Chaussier was the principal editor of the articles on pharmacy inthe *Encyclopédie méthodique*13.
She was born in 1712 in Clermont-Ferrand into a family of doctors.
She first studied for three years under Anne BAIRSIN, a midwife.
On September 26, 1739, she received her diploma and shortly thereafter became a licensed midwife.
She worked as a head midwife at Châtelet in Paris for sixteen years.
In 1752, to combine theory with practice, she published a book titled *A Summary of the Art of Childbirth*.
In 1754, she returned to Auvergne and began giving free lessons.
In 1758, she designed her famous demonstration “machine” (made of wood, cardboard, fabric, and cotton), which was approved on December1 by the Academy of Surgery.
During the two-month training program, the students were encouraged to practice on the mannequin.
She died on April 16, 1794, at the age of 79 in Bordeaux, in poverty and solitude, with her niece and her husband absent. There is a Rue Angélique du Coudray in Thorigné-Fouillard and also a Rue Madame-du-Coudray in Clermont-Ferrand, her hometown. The maternity ward at the hospital in Melun (77) also bears her name.
