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Tag Archive for: Ademmoos

Videos of the Open House presentations

Featured, Main Banner, Staff Life, Student Life
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March 3, 2026/by School of Medicine
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Interview with Associate Dean for Student Affairs Juan PUJOL

Featured, Main Banner, Student Life
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February 12, 2026/by School of Medicine
https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/juan-pujol.png 526 2000 School of Medicine https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/LOGO-CLASSIQUE-H-300x135.png School of MedicineFebruary 12, 2026, 5:04:00 PMFebruary 12, 2026, 5:04:00 PMInterview with Associate Dean for Student Affairs Juan PUJOL

Interview with Student Vice Dean Marianne KERMARC

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January 7, 2025/by School of Medicine
https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/marianne-Kermarc-1.png 526 2000 School of Medicine https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/LOGO-CLASSIQUE-H-300x135.png School of MedicineJanuary 7, 2025, 10:10:35 AMSeptember 3, 2025, 4:17:06 PMInterview with Student Vice Dean Marianne KERMARC

Interview with Student Vice Dean Elie GHATTAS

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May 27, 2024/by School of Medicine
https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Bann-Article-Theo-1.png 526 2000 School of Medicine https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/LOGO-CLASSIQUE-H-300x135.png School of MedicineMay 27, 2024, 10:45:16 AMJanuary 22, 2025, 6:59:41 PMInterview with Elie GHATTAS, Associate Dean for Student Affairs

INTERVIEW | Check out this profile of Paul-Arthur VALET, Student Vice Dean for 2022–23!

Featured, Student Life

Every five years, a new dean’s office team, composed of associate deans and program coordinators, is appointed by the dean to represent the dean in carrying out specific tasks. Each year, a student Vice Dean is appointed by peers elected to the Management Council to represent them on the Dean’s Office team. Following in the footsteps of Florian Mary and Théo Lacoste, Paul-Arthur Valet has now taken on the role of student Vice Dean and president of Ademmoos.  Read his interview here: learn about his background and the projects he hopes to implement as part of his role!

Hello, Paul-Arthur. For those who might not know you, could you please introduce yourself?

Hello, my name is Paul-Arthur VALET. I’m 21 years old and a fourth-year medical student in Nîmes. This is the first time the vice dean has come from the Nîmes campus. In addition, I am a student representative on the management council and president of ADEMMOOS (the association of student representatives from all programs). Although my future specialty changes from one clinical rotation to the next, I plan to become a surgeon.

 

You were selected from among ADEMMOOS members to serve as Student Vice Dean, succeeding Théo Lacoste. How did the transition go?

The transition went smoothly; that said, the start of my term was a bit unusual, particularly given the situation at the national level. We had to organize a protest in collaboration with the SILR, the ACM, and the CCC, whom I’d like to thank for their help. The mobilization brought together 400 students, which is a historic turnout for Montpellier-Nîmes. This was followed by the release of our VSS and student mental health surveys, which mark the starting point of a paradigm shift that we are beginning to see.

 

 What made you want to take on this role?

I’ve been a member of ADEMMOOS since my sophomore year, first as VP of Communications, then as treasurer, and finally as president/VDE. I’ve always had a strong interest in student representation—in connecting directly with students and being able to help them. Furthermore, working with the dean’s office is very rewarding, especially as part of a supportive and attentive team.

How will you balance your duties as associate dean with your obligations as a student?

Let’s face it, this is relatively complex, but I knew that when I accepted these responsibilities. So you have to be particularly organized, but these positions (president and
VDE) are so exciting. To successfully balance everything, you have to know how to delegate, so I’d like to thank the association’s board and, in particular, the vice president general, Soukaina MOUH MOUH, who was elected to the educational council and does work behind the scenes that is all the more essential.

 

What are your goals and priorities for this term? Do you plan to continue the “Student Well-Being” project initiated by your predecessor?

Regarding the “Well-Being” project, we have two vice presidents on the executive board, Emma PETON and Florent BENOIST, whom I have every confidence will fulfill the mission entrusted to them
They have already organized booths for No Smoking Month and the “Solidarity Christmas” event, which aims to connect students from the Montpellier-Nîmes School of Medicine who wish to get together for a Christmas meal.
Furthermore, I am a strong believer in collaboration among student organizations; they bring our campus to life and play a structural role at both of our faculty’s campuses. On a personal level, my priority is combating sexual and psychological violence and empowering victims to speak out.

 

What initiatives would you like to implement for the students?

In addition to continuing existing projects such as publishing the back-to-school guides and the Internal Future Forum… I’d like to revive certain projects that had to be put on hold due to the
COVID-19 pandemic, such as the “reprez’ cafés,” which were opportunities to connect with ANEMF administrators and your local elected representatives. Overall, I believe that national representation is just as fundamental as local representation. To that end, we have assigned two members to this task: for Montpellier, Zoé DOLADILLE (ADEMMOOS) and Rémi BOURGAUX (ACM); and for Nîmes, Manon VALETTE (ADEMMOOS) and Elise DE LOTH (CCC).

 

Any final thoughts?

The issue that is particularly close to my heart is gender-based and sexual violence (VSS). What I hope for is greater freedom of speech, in order to break the code of silence that
prevents victims from speaking out.
Thanks to our surveys and the responses from the faculties, people are starting to speak up; it’s up to us not to betray the courage that victims have shown in speaking out.

“The shame must shift to the other side.”

February 13, 2023/by School of Medicine
https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/BANNIERES_VD-VALET.png 1096 4167 School of Medicine https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/LOGO-CLASSIQUE-H-300x135.png School of MedicineFebruary 13, 2023, 10:19:48 a.m.February 13, 2023, 10:18:13INTERVIEW | Read the profile of Paul-Arthur VALET, Student Vice Dean for 2022-23!

Théo Lacoste: Well-being at the Heart of Your VDE's Priorities

Featured, Student Life

Every year, students elect a representative to speak for them on the dean’s office team. This year, Théo Lacoste, a fourth-year medical student at the ADV campus, was chosen to represent you. Learn a little more about him and Ademmoos’s initiatives in this interview! Profile.

Hi, Théo. First of all, who are you? Can you introduce yourself?

My name is Théo Lacoste; I’m a fourth-year medical student on the ADV campus. I’m also a student representative on the Academic Council and president of Ademmoos (a student council representing all programs). I’m planning to become a doctor, of course, but I don’t necessarily have a specific specialty in mind—other than perhaps something interdisciplinary like emergency medicine. But I’m keeping my options open; I think it’s important to complete rotations in various fields to secure your future!

You're the president of Ademmoos: can you tell us about the role of this organization?

It’s important to note that our Faculty has several campuses and several academic programs. Student representation on the various councils is therefore provided by elected student representatives. This is a very substantial undertaking. So in 2016, we decided to create this association to relieve elected student representatives of the administrative workload (particularly everything related to communication, infographics, etc.) but also to develop projects with other student associations. The goal is truly to bring together, unite, and coordinate the associations—and, through them, the students.

The association’s members consist of students elected to the various representative councils, but we also have non-elected members. They often contribute very interesting insights from a different perspective during our monthly meetings.

Can you give us some examples of projects coordinated by Ademmoos and other organizations?

Yes, for example, the MAP (Montpellier Artistic Project), which is an arts-focused nonprofit. Together with them, we organized an art therapy workshop—led by a professional in the field—for students, with the goal of helping them cope with the stress of school. But the projects we lead or coordinate can also take place outside of our organizations. I’m thinking in particular of the“Dry January”challenge (see Instagram post below) that we recently ran in collaboration with the ICM, or“Smoke-Free Month.”

 

View this post on Instagram

 

A post shared by ADEMMOOS (@ademmoos)

In addition to being the president of Ademmoos, you are now the student vice-dean. Can you tell us more about your role in this position?

I have three main responsibilities: First, an academic role, which is very institutional in nature. I work closely with the dean’s office—particularly Dean Isabelle Laffont—as well as the teaching and administrative staff to represent the students’ perspectives. This involves regularly attending meetings, but also staying attuned to what’s happening among students and within the faculty as a whole. I act as a sort of “shuttle” to pass information up and down the chain. I relay this information to the student representatives, who then share it with the various programs, campuses, and graduating classes.

The second task focuses on the Ademmoos association. I need to establish a “guiding principle” for our term’s policy. I’ll come back to this, but the idea is to divide up the key issues among the association’s 40 students: some will handle reforms, others will focus on well-being or coordination with other associations.

My third responsibility is really to maintain direct contact with the students. Class representatives may reach out to me for this purpose, but that’s not enough—information can get lost along the way. So, I make it a point of honor to organize as many in-person meetings as possible with the different classes to discuss issues, “gauge the mood,” and gather feedback directly from students about their needs and feelings. This information is then useful to me in carrying out my primary academic role, so that I can represent the students’ views as accurately as possible.

What are the priorities of your term in office?

There are several priority areas. First, there is a somewhat more academic and administrative aspect, which mainly involves continuing the work of my predecessors: Salomé Duteurtre and Florian Mary. They both worked on what I callthe “Pedagogical Alliance.” That is, the collaborative shaping of our student experience, together with all stakeholders: faculty, students, and the Faculty’s administrative staff.

It seems simple from the outside, but it’s actually quite complex, because we have to reconcile everyone’s opinions; ultimately, we have to succeed in reaching agreements based on our disagreements! Nevertheless, this is achieved through everyone’s goodwill and mutual understanding. We must work together and view the issues to be resolved through each person’s perspective, so that the solutions we adopt benefit everyone. This commitment to living together is truly essential, and we regularly emphasize this to the entire team—most recently to the newly elected student representatives on the Administrative Council and the Academic Council.

Then there are all the discussions surrounding student well-being. This is a relatively new issue—one that wasn’t talked about much a few years ago and that was brought to light by the health crisis. Today more than ever, this topic has become our top priority.

But we can’t take action without understanding the full scope of the problem! So we set our first goal to gather students’ opinions and experiences through surveys. We were able to collect more than 1,000 responses to our first questionnaire on mental health, which was distributed over the winter— and I’d like to take this opportunity to thank all the respondents! The results of this survey are currently being analyzed. In addition, a few weeks ago we began distributing a new survey regarding gender-based and sexual violence that students may experience at the university, at parties, or at their workplace or internship, in order to define the scope of the problem and thus identify corrective actions to limit such incidents or even impose sanctions where appropriate.

In practice, do you implement any initiatives to promote student well-being?

Yes, from a practical standpoint, this year we created a wellness center staffed by two project coordinators who are medical students (Ulysse Godin and Maribelle Dossou-Yovo). Their mission is to organize awareness-raising events. For example, we held a conference on addiction with Professor Hélène Donnadieu-Rigole, as well as Tobacco-Free Month and Dry January… In March, we’ll host a conference on psychosocial risks and “workaholism.” These events are quite popular with students.

There are also other practical projects outside the “well-being” theme, such as the Intern Forum, which is led by former Vice Dean Florian Mary and aims to connect 5th- and 6th-year students with interns so they can share their experiences.

What motivated you to take on this role as an elected official and Vice Dean?

My motivation grew out of my previous commitments, both with Ademmoos and with the ANEMF (National Association of Medical Students of France), because last year I was very involved in issues surrounding the R2C (reform of the second cycle of medical studies) at the national level. This made me want to get even more involved at the local level, addressing the issues we face on a daily basis.

Of course, my discussions with my predecessors also had a strong influence on me. Everything fell into place very naturally after that, with my desire to help the incoming classes guiding my decisions. I wanted to look at my studies from a different perspective.

That said, yes, it’s very time-consuming. It can sometimes be a little hard to juggle everything! So it’s important to surround yourself with the right people and know how to delegate. In that regard, I’d like to give special thanks to Florent Benoist, who is Ademmoos’s Executive Vice President and a representative on the Pedagogical Council; he really helps me a lot and enables me to stay organized.

How is someone elected as Vice Dean?

The Vice Dean is nominated by the student representatives on the Management Council. He or she is often part of the list of elected students. The Council then votes in favor of or against the nominated student. This nomination is discussed internally within Ademmoos beforehand. Once elected, the Vice Dean serves a two-year term, but we often resign after one year so that we can focus fully on our studies.

Thank you so much for this conversation: do you have any closing remarks?

Yes, regarding one of the priorities of my term: well-being. I’d like to get this message across: it’s okay not to feel well. Health sciences students come from a highly selective system where you’re expected to always be the best. Culturally, it’s therefore difficult for us to admit when we’re not doing well—we tend to hide our weaknesses. But that doesn’t mean it’s abnormal to feel bad! There are support resources available on the Faculty’s website. We need to break the silence surrounding this taboo and take advantage of the resources developed jointly by students and the faculty to feel better. Alone, we go faster, but together, we go further!

March 14, 2022/by School of Medicine
https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Bann-Article-Theo.png 526 2000 School of Medicine https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/LOGO-CLASSIQUE-H-300x135.png School of MedicineMarch 14, 2022, 12:42:22 PMMarch 14, 2022, 3:10:32 PMThéo Lacoste: Well-being at the Heart of Your VDE’s Priorities

#OrganizationOfTheWeek – A Look at ADEMMOOS

Featured, Student Life

Last week, we met with the Association Carabins Montpelliéraine to learn more about student life for medical students. Today, Salomé Duteurtre, the Student Vice Dean, is answering our questions!

In a nutshell, what is ADEMMOOS?

ADEMMOOS is the Association of Student Representatives from Montpellier-Nîmes in the fields of Medicine, Speech-Language Pathology, Orthoptics, and Midwifery. It brings together nearly 40 elected student representatives from the various programs. 

We work every day to:

  • in Interprofessionalism : all of the faculty’s academic programs are represented;
  • in Intersite, through a collaboration between residents of Montpellier and Nîmes;
  • for Represent all students in the UFR in dealings with the administration, the faculty, and the university hospital.

What activities or initiatives do you organize throughout the year? 

Above all, our year is shaped by our student advocacy efforts.

As such, we are represented on two major councils within the faculty:

  • The Academic Council facilitates collaboration among the various stakeholders in the faculty (faculty members, administrative staff, and students) regarding the programs offered by the UFR. Topics discussed include assessment methods and the evaluation of teaching materials. 
  • The Management Council is the faculty’s decision-making body, which votes on and reviews the internal regulations, the budget, agreements entered into by the faculty, and educational programs.

 

Our goal, therefore, is to give students a voice, often by conducting surveys that allow us to carefully gather their opinions and positions on the various issues that arise during the academic year. 

In addition, we are also carrying out a number of projects to improve our training conditions. For example, several of our initiatives focus on health promotion:

  • Improving student well-being in all its forms is one of our priorities. Given the difficulty and demands of our programs, some students may find themselves struggling; we strive to support them and refer them to resources that can help.
  • We are raising awareness about the flu vaccine to encourage students—future healthcare professionals—to get vaccinated. In particular, we organized a vaccination day on the faculty campus. 

We also support initiatives aimed at enhancing student life on campus. We participate in Open House events and European Heritage Days to lead tours and engage with the public. In addition, we help design and develop living and workspaces.

We keep students informed about the latest news from the faculty; for example, during the COVID-19 crisis, we kept them regularly updated on the situation and changes to our programs.

We help medical interns choose their specialties through the Forum du Futur Interne (FFI), which we organize in collaboration with the Languedoc-Roussillon Interns' Union.

Finally, we work with all of the faculty’s student organizations:

  • We support student-led support and educational initiatives: PACES tutoring, tutoring for upper-level medical and midwifery students, iECN prep workshops…
  • We participate in student representation at the local level (AGEM) and at the national level through our respective academic program associations.

What does the association offer students?

Our organization promotes several things:

  • the support and the representation of all students enrolled in the Montpellier-Nîmes School of Medicine at the University of Montpellier;
  • the promotion of improving student life (in terms of the quality of studies and educational offerings) within the UFR by establishing an ongoing dialogue between students, their elected representatives, and student organizations—across all programs—belonging to the UFR;
  • the gathering of students from the various departments within the UFR, particularly through the development of joint student initiatives, in order to transcend the divisions inherent in the different degree programs and foster mutual inspiration by leveraging the synergy of diverse skills.

Furthermore, students are not required to make any financial contributions. Simply being enrolled in the UFR allows students to participate in all the activities offered by our association.

A few words about the 2020–2021 executive board?

Our association's executive board is made up of students—whether or not they are elected UFR representatives—who are appointed for a one-year term from October to October to coordinate the team of student representatives.

The 2020–2021 term of office will begin this summer: please feel free to contact the current board if you’re interested in any of the positions!

Please feel free to contact us with any questions about student representation!

  • On Facebook: ADEMMOOS – Elected Representatives of the Montpellier-Nîmes Medical Faculty
    or Zelda Demmoos
  • On Twitter @ademmoos_
  • By email: ademmos.elus.etudiants@gmail.com 

 

June 16, 2020/by communication
https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/image-de-mise-en-avant-1.jpg 526 2000 communication https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/LOGO-CLASSIQUE-H-300x135.png communicationJune 16, 2020, 11:56:50 AMJuly 10, 2020, 7:00:57 PM#OrganizationOfTheWeek – Meeting with ADEMMOOS

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  • The 2026/2027 PASS/LAS Pre-School Year WorkshopJuly 16, 2026 - 4:31 p.m.
  • Interview with Boris Jung – Vice Dean and Chair of the Scientific CouncilJuly 15, 2026 – 10:41 a.m.

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Carémeau Health Campus and Administration
186 Chemin du Carreau de Lanes
CS 83021
30908 Nîmes cedex 2
04 66 02 81 81

Montpellier Botanical Garden

Boulevard Henri IV
34000 Montpellier

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    Marie-Anne BOIVIN

    Marie-Anne GILLAIN was born in 1773 in Montreuil, near Versailles.

    She was sent to boarding school with the Sisters of the Visitation.

    During the Revolution, she took refuge in Etampes with a relative who was the mother superior of the Hospitalières de l’Hôtel-Dieu.

    There she attended the surgeon’s lectures and served for two and a half years, from 1793 to 1796, as a hospital volunteer—that is, as a layperson who volunteered her services to the poor and sick.

    In 1797, she returned to Versailles to marry Louis BOIVIN, deputy head of the National Domains office.

    She became pregnant early on, but was suddenly widowed in 1798 at the age of 25, left without any means of support and with a young daughter to raise.

    She then decided to put to use the knowledge she had gained from the surgeon at the Hôtel-Dieu in Étampes and enrolled in the Midwifery School at the Maternity Hospital in 1799.

    In 1800, she graduated and left for Versailles to be reunited with her daughter and pursue her career.

    In 1801, following the death of her daughter, she obtained permission from Marie-Louise Lachapelle to return to the Maternity Hospice

    In 1803, she was appointed chief supervisor of the breastfeeding section. She held this position for eleven years, until 1814. During this long tenure, she took the opportunity to attend the lectures of her patron, the surgeons at the Maternity Hospital (Baudelocque, then Dubois), and the chief physicians (Andry, and especially Chaussier), from whom she gathered observations and lessons.

    In 1812, she wrote and published *A Treatise on the Art of Childbirth*. The work was approved by the Ministry of the Interior, which included it among the textbooks given to graduates of the Maternity School.

    In 1814, the position of supervisor that she held was eliminated, and she was dismissed with a severance payment equal to her annual salary, or 360 francs.

    Starting in October, she was hired as a storekeeper and steward at the Poissy General Hospital, a position she held until January 1819, when the General Hospital was converted into a prison.

    Little is known about this period of her life: Did she continue her obstetric practice despite her new, more administrative duties? Did she do so at the general hospital? Or with a private clientele? In any case, for a time she appears to have earned a comfortable annual salary of 1,200 francs—almost as much as the head midwife at the Maternity Hospital.

    In 1818, she entered the Paris Medical Society’s competition anonymously, submitting a paper on internal uterine hemorrhages. She was awarded the medal.

    On February1, 1819, she joined the Maison Royale de Santé in Paris as chief supervising midwife, with a modest salary of 350 francs per year.

    In 1821, an opportunity for promotion arose following the death of Marie-Louise Lachapelle.

    According to procedure, the General Council of the Hospices must submit to the Minister of the Interior a list of five female candidates to succeed the renowned midwife.

    On November 14, 1821, the Council voted to approve a list with Marie-Anne Boivin at the top; she received 12 out of 12 votes in the first round of voting to select the top candidate.

    A month and a half later, the Minister of the Interior endorsed the Council’s decision.

    But the winner declined the position (or rather, resigned), forcing the board to propose another list. Why the refusal? All contemporary biographers attribute this decision to a public promise Marie-Anne Boivin is said to have made to her former patron never to replace her, even after her death. If that is the case, she kept her word, and another midwife, Madeleine Catherine Legrand, was appointed in 1822.

    Marie-Anne Boivin therefore continued to practice at the Maison Royale de Santé, where she accumulated observations, publications, and honors.

    In 1828, she presented a paper on spontaneous abortions, which was awarded a prize by the Bordeaux Medical Society.

    In September 1835, at the age of 62, worn out and exhausted, she retired and urged the hospice board to grant her a pension. Finally, after suffering a first stroke that left her hemiplegic, she died in May 1841.

    In 1902, one of the rooms in the renovated maternity ward was named after Marie-Anne Boivin.

    Louise BOURGEOIS

    She was born in 1563 on Boulevard Saint-Germain or in Mons to a family of doctors.

    In 1594, she married Martin BOURSIER, a master surgeon and student of Ambroise PARÉ.

    She finds herself without any means of support when her husband is enlisted in the king's army.

    She quickly gained a reputation among the ladies of the court and delivered the queen's children six times.

    She is paid 500 crowns for the birth of a boy and 300 for the birth of a girl.

    It lost its prominence following the death of Marie de Bourbon-Montpensier, wife of Gaston d’Orléans, at the time of the birth of the Grande Mademoiselle.

    According to the surgeons who performed the autopsy on the woman who had given birth, her death was attributed to placental debris remaining in the uterus, and Louise Bourgeois was subsequently accused of negligence.

    At that time, there were few male obstetricians practicing, and they were trying to gain the upper hand over the midwives' guild.

    Louise questions their competence by harshly criticizing the autopsy findings and the skills of the obstetricians; however, her response has the opposite effect of what she intended, as it ends up giving them publicity.

    She was the first midwife to write a book on obstetrics, *Various Observations on Infertility, Miscarriage, Fertility, Childbirth, and Diseases of Women and Newborns*, published in 1609.

    In this book, she points out that infertility in a couple can be caused by the man, even though—like the doctors of that era—she confuses the ability to procreate with sexual vigor.

    She identified the role of malnutrition in fetal health, and she was the first to prescribe iron supplements to treat anemia.

    She emphasizes the importance of anatomical knowledge for midwives and urges doctors to allow them to attend lectures and dissection sessions.

    In 1636, the Parisian midwives submitted a petition to the Faculty of Medicine requesting that Louise Bourgeois be allowed to teach them obstetrics, but their request was denied.

    Subsequently, however, one of her students, Marguerite du Tertre de la Marche, was appointed head of the midwives at the Hôtel-Dieu and succeeded in overhauling their training program.

    She died on December 20, 1636, on Boulevard Saint-Germain at the age of 73.

    Jean-Louis BAUDELOCQUE

    He was born on November 30, 1745, in Heilly, Picardy.

    He was the son of Jean Baptiste BAUDELOCQUE, a surgeon, and Anne Marguerite LEVASSEUR. His brothers Félix Honoré (1744–1794) and Jean Baptiste (1749–1800) were both doctors. He was the third of ten children.

    It was his father who introduced him to surgery in the countryside of Picardy.

    He completed his studies in Paris at the Hôpital de la Charité, where a renowned professor of obstetrics, Solayrès de Renhac (1737–1772), was on staff.

    In 1772, following Solayrès’s untimely death at the age of 35, he collected the manuscripts of his lectures and succeeded him as professor of obstetrics at the Hôpital de la Charité. Thanks to Baudelocque, Solayrès’s work was saved from oblivion.

    In 1775, at the initiative of Augier du FOT, a surgeon and childbirth instructor in Soissons, he published—based on manuscripts bequeathed by Solayrès de RENHAC—the first edition of a manual intended for the training of midwives. This work was later republished under his name alone, under the title“Principles of the Art of Childbirth: Questions and Answers for Student Midwives.” It was reprinted three times during Baudelocque’s lifetime and three more times posthumously.

    In 1776, following the defense of his dissertation on symphysotomy, titled“An in partu propter angustiam pelvis impossibili, symphysis ossium secanda?”, he was appointed surgeon at the Hôpital de la Charité in Paris and was awarded the title of Master of Surgery by the Paris College of Surgery.

    On April 5 or 6, 1777, in Paris, he married Andrée DERULLIER (née de Vulier, de Voulier, de Rullie, or de Rouillier), whose family made mannequins of pregnant women for demonstrations in childbirth classes; she died on January 4, 1787, childless.

    In 1781 and 1789, he published the first two editions of his scholarly treatise*The Art of Childbirth* in two volumes. He became famous for his forceps, his practice of cesarean sections, and the invention of the pelvimeter, which measures the external anteroposterior diameter to identify patients who might experience difficulties during childbirth.

    On September 14, 1788, in Amiens, he married Marie Catherine Rose Laurent; the couple had five children (three daughters and two sons).

    During the French Revolution, the guilds and faculties were abolished. Hospitals lost some of their staff and funding. Baudelocque, however, managed to build a reputation as an obstetrician thanks to a clientele in the city and private obstetrics classes.

    In 1794, the former Faculty of Medicine was replaced by the École centrale de Santé de Paris, where he was responsible for teaching medical students and midwives.

    In October 1795, the Hospice de la Maternité took in poor women and unwed mothers to assist them during childbirth and provided clinical training for midwives and doctors from the École de Santé.

    In addition, this facility also takes in abandoned children.

    In 1798, Baudelocque, in addition to his position as professor of obstetrics at the Paris School of Public Health, became chief surgeon at the Maternity Hospital.

    In 1802, the Hospice de la Maternité school was founded, where Baudelocque put his teaching skills to use, employing mannequins to allow students to practice examinations and obstetric procedures. He emphasized observation over active intervention, preferring to let nature take its course and using instruments as little as possible.

    Busy with his many responsibilities, he delegated part of his authority to the head midwife of the Maternity Ward, Marie-Louise Lachapelle (1769–1821), who took on part of the training of the midwifery students and was authorized to use forceps on her own in the event of a difficult delivery.

    He was involved in a high-profile lawsuit brought against him by an obstetrician, Jean François SACOMBE, a fierce opponent of cesarean sections and a defender of traditional midwifery practices. Sacombe, who had set himself up as a defender of midwives and accused Baudelocque of infanticide, ultimately lost his case in 1804 and, in the process, any sense of proportion.

    In 1806, Napoleon appointed Jean-Louis Baudelocque to the chair of obstetrics, the first medical specialty chair in France.

    He became the obstetrician to the queens of Spain, Holland, and Naples, as well as to all the ladies of the court.

    He had been chosen and selected in advance to deliver the heir awaited by Napoleon and Empress Marie-Louise of Austria. But, struck down by a cerebral hemorrhage, he would not live to see the birth of the King of Rome.

    He died on May 2 or 3, 1810, at 16 Rue Jacob in Paris (6th arrondissement), where he lived, at the age of 65.

    He was buried at the Vaugirard West Cemetery, then exhumed due to land acquisition for the construction of what is now Boulevard Pasteur.

    He was then buried on August 17, 1839, at Père-Lachaise Cemetery (45thdivision).

    He was the most famous obstetrician of his time.

    A physician at the Hôpital des Enfants Malades, he would lend his name to the Baudelocque Clinic in 1890.

    In 1966, the Port-Royal Maternity Hospital was built. The two facilities merged in 1993 (14th arrondissement of Paris).

    There is now a midwifery school on Avenue Denfert-Rochereau that bears her name.

    François CHAUSSIER

    He was born on July 2, 1746, in Dijon, in the parish of Saint Pierre.

    His father was a master glazier.

    After completing his training at the Dijon hospital, his mother sent him to Paris to continue his medical studies, and he enrolled at the Royal College of Surgery, where he attended classes regularly from 1765 to 1767 and took anatomy courses taught by Raphaël SABATIER and Jean-Joseph SUE.

    At the same time, he was learning the basics of surgery at Lafaye’s clinics and, in the afternoons, at those of Isaac GOURSAUD.

    His years of surgical training came to an end in 1768, when he earned the title of Master of Surgery; he then settled in Dijon as a surgeon

    He married Jeanne CARRE, the daughter and granddaughter of a master surgeon, on July 27, 1767, in Quetigny, Côte d’Or. Together they had a son, Bernard François Hector (1769–1837).

    In 1769, he began teaching a free course in human and comparative anatomy, which was attended by many students for more than ten years.

    In 1774, the Estates of Burgundy established a chemistry program with Louis-Bernard GUYTON de MORVEAU as the full professor and Hugues MARET and François CHAUSSIER as assistant professors. Upon MARET’s death in 1786, he was promoted to second professor of chemistry.

    In Dijon, his professional qualities earned him the favor of his patients, and his reputation quickly spread beyond Burgundy; he distinguished himself at the Academy of Surgery through several presentations, and as a result, he was awarded the Academy’s Gold Medal at the public session on April 10, 1777.

    He received his Doctor of Medicine degree from the University of Besançon on January 14, 1780, and in 1784, he became a corresponding member of the Royal Society of Medicine. That same year, he was admitted to the Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Literature in Dijon, where he became secretary-general following the retirement of Guyton de Morveau.

    In 1785, at the request of the Estates of Burgundy, he published a popular guide on the treatment of bites from rabid animals: “Method for Treating Bites from Rabid Animals and Vipers; Followed by a Summary on the Malignant Pustule” (with Joseph Enaux, 1726–1798).

    In 1789, he published a study on the muscles of the human body, in which he proposed a more rational classification than the one taught up to that point: “A Brief Overview of the Muscles of the Human Body According to the Methodical Classification and Nomenclature Adopted in the Public Anatomy Course at Dijon”; this work was reprinted in 1797.

    On December 20, 1789, he read a paper titled “Surgical-Forensic Observations on an Important Point of Criminal Jurisprudence” at the Academy of Dijon, in which he demonstrated the role that a physician could play in assisting the justice system; this work attracted attention, and the following year he launched a course in forensic medicine in Dijon.

    On 3 Nivôse, Year III (December 23, 1794), he married Angélique LABOREY in Dijon (Crébillon District); they also had a son, Franck Bernard Simon (1804–1866).

    In 1794, Antoine-François Fourcroy was tasked by the National Convention with reorganizing medical education and sought out a figure who could provide him with the details of this reorganization. Claude-Antoine Prieur-Duvernois, from the Côte-d’Or, who headed the Department of Science and the Arts on the Committee of Public Safety, recommended François Chaussier, who thus joined the Committee of Public Instruction: he drafted a report and a proposed decree, which he read from the rostrum of the Convention on 7 Frimaire, Year III (November 27, 1794); In it, he proposed the creation of a single “Central School of Health” in Paris; the members of the Convention, who were broadly in favor of decentralization, called for the creation of other similar schools in Montpellier and Strasbourg, and it was on this basis that the report was adopted on 14 Frimaire (December 4).

    Chaussier returned to Dijon, where he resumed his lectures and studies as well as the duties entrusted to him: he had been appointed physician of the Dijon Hospices in April 1793 and Prison Surgeon; he did not remain there long, however, as he was recalled to Paris to occupy the chair of anatomy and physiology at the School of Health. Chaussier was, in the words of Joseph-Henri Réveillé-Parise, the most famous professor of physiology at the École de Paris: he argued that vitalism was the foundation of all studies in physiology.

    A decree dated 7 Vendémiaire, Year III (September 28, 1794) officially established the École Centrale des Travaux Publics, which would later become the École Polytechnique, the Board of Directors proposed, less than a month after the school opened, to establish an infirmary there and to appoint a “health officer” (the revolutionary term for doctors) to care for sick students and also to teach lessons on “the art of preventing and alleviating diseases.” The roster of École Polytechnique staff for the following year lists him as an assistant to Claude Louis Berthollet, “simultaneously responsible for the courses in Zootechnics and Public Health, and School Physician”: in fact, he taught Berthollet’s course during the latter’s absence in Italy in 1796–1797. After the formalization of chemistry instruction, Chaussier appears to have abandoned teaching this science and confined himself almost entirely to his duties as a physician.

    In 1799, *Les tables synoptiques* was published to great acclaim. It provides a summary of the physiology, pathology, and treatment of the various anatomical systems of the human body.

    On May 9, 1804, he was appointed Physician of the Maternity Hospitals and entrusted with the chairmanship of the medical examination boards for the examinations to become a Public Health Officer, Pharmacist, and Midwife for the district of the Paris Faculty of Medicine.

    He was a member of the commission appointed by the Minister of the Interior in October 1810 to study “secret remedies”; there he worked alongside André Marie Constant Duméril, Jean-Joseph Menuret, and Nicolas Deyeux.

    In 1815, after the fall of the First Empire, he was replaced as physician at the École Polytechnique, but he retained his chair at the Faculty until November 21, 1822, when the Restoration reorganized the Faculty: he was appointed honorary professor and his chair was revoked. He was deeply embittered by this, and the next day, he suffered a stroke that temporarily left him unable to speak or walk. He recovered, however, though he remained hemiplegic—a condition that did not prevent him from continuing his work at the Maternity Hospital.

    On May 6, 1823, he was admitted tothe Academy of Sciences.

    Between 1824 and 1827, he published several works on forensic medicine: “Forensic Manual of Poisons, Preceded by Considerations on Poisoning”14, “Collection of Papers, Consultations, and Reports on Various Topics in Forensic Medicine”15, “A Forensic Medical Treatise on the Viability of the Newborn, Presented toHis Excellency the Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice”16

    François Chaussier died at his home in Paris on June 19, 1828, at the age of 81, from a stroke.

    He was buried at Père-Lachaise Cemetery (18th division) on June 21: Nicolas-Philibert Adelon delivered a speech on behalf of the Academy; Marie-Alexandre Désormaux, representing the Faculty, did the same; and Duméril, on behalf of the Royal Academy of Sciences, read a lengthy eulogy.

    Franck CHAUSSIER, thesecond son, followed in his father's footsteps and defended his doctoral dissertation in 1827 in Montpellier.

    He is a French physician, a professor at the Paris Faculty of Medicine, and a member of the Royal Academy of Medicine and the Academy of Sciences.

    Chaussier was the chief editor of the articles on pharmacy inthe *Encyclopédie méthodique*13.

    Angélique Marguerite Le BOURSIER du COUDRAY

    She was born in 1712 in Clermont-Ferrand to a family of doctors.

    For the first three years, she studied under Anne BAIRSIN, a midwife.

    On September 26, 1739, she received her diploma and shortly thereafter became a licensed midwife.

    She worked as a master midwife at Châtelet in Paris for sixteen years.

    In 1752, to put theory into practice, she published a book titled *A Summary of the Art of Childbirth*.

    In 1754, she returned to Auvergne and began giving free lessons.

    In 1758, she designed her famous demonstration “machine” (made of wood, cardboard, fabric, and cotton), which was approved on December1 by the Academy of Surgery.

    During the two-month training course, the students were encouraged to practice on the mannequin.

    • In 1759 (or 1757 or 1767), Louis XV granted her a pension and issued her a royal charter authorizing her to teach throughout the kingdom; she embarked on an obstetric tour of France that would last 25 years and continue until 1783, during the reign of Louis XVI, training more than 5,000 women and surgeons.
    • In 1768, she enlisted the help of her niece, Mlle Marguerite GUILLOMANCE.
    • In 1769, asecond edition of her book was published, which she had illustrated with 26 charming color engravings.
    • In 1770, she hired a young surgeon in Bordeaux, Mr. COUTANCEAU, who married her niece shortly thereafter.
    • In 1789, she was staying with her niece.

    She died on April 16, 1794, at the age of 79, in Bordeaux, in poverty and solitude, with her niece and her husband absent. There is a Rue Angélique du Coudray in Thorigné-Fouillard and also a Rue Madame-du-Coudray in Clermont-Ferrand, her hometown. The maternity ward at the Melun Hospital (77) is also named after her.

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