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Tag Archive for: training

Prevention and Response: Medical Students Trained to Better Understand Sexual Violence

Headlines
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March 2, 2024/by communication
https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/en-tete-mail-jet-5.jpg 1080 1920 communication https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/LOGO-CLASSIQUE-H-300x135.png communicationMarch 2, 2024, 12:44:23 PMMarch 1, 2024, 11:57:01 a.m.Prevention and Response: Medical Students Trained to Better Understand Sexual Violence

Sentinel Training: Its Role in Suicide Prevention

Featured, Student Life
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November 23, 2023/by communication
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SPES Conference and Training | See you on September 28, 2023

Featured, Training

The SPES (Primary Care, Environment, and Health) program is a training program offered by the Department of General Medicine at the Montpellier-Nîmes School of Medicine.

Read more
September 13, 2023/by communication
https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/SPES_POST_INSTA-copie-scaled.jpg 2560 2560 communication https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/LOGO-CLASSIQUE-H-300x135.png communicationSeptember 13, 2023, 5:22:11 PMNovember 24, 2023, 3:30:43 PMSPES Conference and Training | See you on September 28, 2023

March 30, 2023 | The 7th Annual "Printemps de la Médecine"

Headlines, Business, Events
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February 7, 2023/by communication
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Spotlight on: The University Diploma in "From Normal Cells to Tumor Cells"

Featured, Training

The start of the school year is often a time for reflection and renewal. It’s a time when many people think about their future prospects—the perfect opportunity to explore continuing education options! To mark this occasion, we’d like to introduce you to one of our 198 university diplomas (DU) and inter-university diplomas (DIU): the DU in “From Normal Cells to Tumor Cells.” To do so, we sat down with the two co-directors of this program, Ms. Szablewski and Mr. Ramirez. Here’s the interview.

 

Ms. Szablewski, Mr. Ramirez, good morning. Could you please briefly introduce yourselves?

VS: I am Dr. Vanessa Szablewski, MCU-PH in Pathological Anatomy and Cytology at the Montpellier University Hospital. I specialize in hematopathology and ENT pathology. For my research, I am affiliated withINSERM UMR 1058, “Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections.” My research focuses on the role of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) in cancers of the head and neck region.

JMR: I have held a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences for Health since 2005. After completing my dissertation, I conducted several postdoctoral fellowships abroad—in Washington, D.C., in the United States; at the Geneva University Hospital in Switzerland; and at the CIC (Centro de Investigación contra el Cáncer) in Spain—before finally returning to France to join the IRMB in Montpellier. In 2015, I was hired as an associate professor at the Montpellier-Nîmes Faculty of Medicine in Professor Thierry Lavabre-Bertrand’s department, where I teach histology and cell biology. In 2019, Vanessa and I created the first website featuring virtual slides that combines three disciplines: anatomy, pathological anatomy, and histology.

 

You are both in charge of the university certificate program “From Normal Cells to Tumor Cells.” What motivated you to create this program?

JMR: Histology and pathological anatomy are two closely related disciplines; it seemed to me that it is essential for a researcher in the field of health to be familiar not only with histology (the study of tissues) but also with pathological tissues.

 

Who is this training primarily intended for? How long does it last?

VS: This program is intended for all researchers working in the field of oncology, as well as those who wish to learn about human tissues and the diseases associated with them. It is also intended for physicians who wish to pursue a career in research or for oncologists who wish to acquire a solid foundation in scientific oncology. The program spans one academic year, but classes are held between February and June. The curriculum includes 52 hours of instruction, divided into 6 modules.

 

What added value will future graduates gain from this program? Does it open up new career paths for enrolled students?

JMR: The primary benefits are, first and foremost, the acquisition of new fundamental skills that will better equip future physicians or researchers in the field of oncology to perform their duties. Second, for all future physicians, the ability to better interpret medical findings provided by a physician specializing in pathological anatomy.

 

Learn More About the University Diploma (DU) - Registration
September 10, 2022/by School of Medicine
https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/DU-De-la-cellule-normale-a-la-cellule-tumorale.png 526 2000 School of Medicine https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/LOGO-CLASSIQUE-H-300x135.png Faculty of MedicineSeptember 10, 2022, 10:37:02September 13, 2022, 10:37:22Spotlight on: The University Diploma in “From Normal Cells to Tumor Cells”

Gerontology | Aging Simulator: Innovating to Gain a Better Understanding

Headlines, Training, Research/Innovation

Older adults account for more than 20% of the French population (Source: INSEE 2020), yet the aging process remains poorly understood. Thanks to the simulation tools offered in this innovative workshop, participants will be able to take a leap forward in time by several years. This will allow them to hone their skills in supporting older adults through hands-on experience.

Why this workshop?

This workshop, offered by the School of Geriatrics and Gerontology, was created to allow participants to experience the main impairments associated with aging. 

It is led by its administrative manager, Myriam Taroudjit, and Marie-Laure Portalez, a design engineer. 

Special equipment allows participants to experience firsthand the main age-related sensory impairments. This helps them recognize the challenges faced by older adults and better understand their behaviors and specific needs.

“True experiential learning aimed at improving the quality of life for older adults”

The effectiveness of this simulation-based method was the subject of a study conducted by medical students at Julius-Maximilians University in Würzburg (Dr. med. Filz S.A., Dr. med. Swoboda W., et al.).

The research, conducted in the form of practical training sessions that involved wearing a simulation suit, yielded the following results:

  • Ability to empathize with the living conditions of an elderly person after the practicum: 83% of participants.
  • Ability to put oneself in the shoes of an older adult after the practicum: 90% of participants.
  • Understanding of an older adult’s physical condition after the practicum: 95% of participants

 

How?

Using simulation scenarios consisting of several elements, participants put themselves in the shoes of an older adult by experiencing the physical and emotional challenges associated with aging.

Here are a few examples: 

  • SPECIAL GLASSES

    They cause a change in color perception, grainy blurriness, sensitivity to glare, and/or a narrowing of the visual field

  • HEARING AID

    It causes high-frequency hearing loss

  • THE WEIGHT VEST

    This vest allows participants to experience spinal curvature, forward pelvic tilt, postural weakness, restricted mobility, loss of strength, increased physical stress, and/or impaired balance.

  • GLOVES

    They cause restricted hand mobility, reduced dexterity, and diminished tactile sensation

  • ANKLE WEIGHTS

    Ankle weights cause a loss of muscle strength, impaired coordination, and an unsteady gait due to shuffling one's feet

  • THE SOFT INSOLE OF THE OVERBOOT

    This unique insole provides a cushioned feel and reduces the sensation of contact with the ground, creating a feeling of instability.

  • SPECIAL GLOVES

    These other gloves allow for the simulation of tremors, which are realistically reproduced through electrical muscle stimulation and a continuously adjustable control module

Feedback from Our Students

Every year, this innovative workshop is offered to the School’s students to complement their curriculum and deepen their understanding of older adults. The feedback has been overwhelmingly positive:

Stéphanie: “This workshop was very interesting, and everyone who works with older adults should have the opportunity to participate in this simulation workshop. Losing one’s senses is very unsettling.”

Mariam: “This afternoon, I experienced firsthand what the older adults I care for go through every day: muscle pain, hearing and vision problems, and slowed movements—all caused by an environment that is no longer safe for them to navigate.”

Maïlys: “In a professional setting, I will pay even closer attention to these ‘pains’ and how people experience and cope with them in their daily lives, so that I can best tailor my responses to their needs.”

 

More photos: 

May 16, 2022/by communication
https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/BANNIERES_SIMU-VIEILLISSEMENT.png 1096 4167 communication https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/LOGO-CLASSIQUE-H-300x135.png communicationMay 16, 2022, 6:14:13 PMMay 17, 2022, 9:37:17 AMGerontology | Aging Simulator: Innovating to Gain a Better Understanding

EU Soft Skills: An Ethical and Educational Innovation for Our Students

Headlines, Academic Programs, Student Life

As discussions about student mental health have resurfaced in the wake of the health crisis and amid reforms to graduate-level programs, our faculty teams have developed—in collaboration with students and service users—a one-of-a-kind educational concept. Temporarily titled “Interpersonal Skills and Therapeutic Communication,” this empathy-focused curriculum represents a true ethical and pedagogical innovation. To learn more, we spoke with the project’s leaders: Dr. Amandine Luquiens and Prof. Céline Bourgier, as well as Théo Lacoste, a student member of the steering committee.

 

The Origins of a Project Centered on Empathy

A need for evaluation arising from the R2C evaluation procedures

In 2018, the reform proposal for the second cycle of medical studies (R2C) was presented to the various academic leaders at the Faculty, prompting a response from Prof. Céline Bourgier. She noted that, under the R2C, student assessment would focus, among other things, on evaluating students’ interpersonal skills and empathy through the Certificate of Clinical Competence (C3). However, at that time, our curriculum did not include any courses entirely dedicated to developing this skill. 

Joined in 2019 by Dr. Amandine Luquiens, a psychiatrist specializing in addiction medicine at the Nîmes University Hospital, the two doctors will therefore team up to lead the project to develop an innovative teaching unit capable of meeting the requirements of R2C. Their first step is to assess the current level of empathy among medical students.

 

A striking finding: medical students’ empathy declines as they progress through their studies

Their initial findings are surprising. In fact, as they conducted their literature review, the two practitioners discovered that medical students tend to experience a decline in empathy throughout their studies. “This decline begins at the same time as hospital rotations. It appears that the gap between the ‘idealized view of the healthcare profession’ and the ‘reality of the healthcare profession’ is a triggering factor,” – explains Amandine Luquiens

Another observation: this decline is very strongly correlated with the burnout and depression that healthcare students may experience.

 

A structured educational program to halt this decline and ensure higher-quality care in the future

These findings have motivated the project leaders to create a new, innovative teaching unit (UE) with a twofold objective: 

  • To provide students with the tools and skills necessary to improve the quality of careby instilling in them a person-centered approach rather than focusing solely on symptoms or medical conditions
  • Preventing psychosocial risks—not only for patients, but also for students—future healthcare professionals.

These two complementary elements will therefore be developed jointly by a dedicated committee composed of faculty, students, and users.

 

An EU built collaboratively to foster skills related to empathy toward oneself and toward patients

Stages in the Development of the EU

Such an EU requires a period of development followed by a trial phase, which will be implemented within the Faculty in five major stages: 

  • STEP 1

    Establishment of a cross-functional steering committee

    Since this was a course developed collaboratively, the instructors were committed to creating a steering committee that included students so that the course would be tailored to their needs as much as possible. The committee is also supported by the Faculty’s Academic Council (then chaired by Prof. Denis Morin) and is composed of instructors from diverse backgrounds and specialties to ensure a comprehensive view of the project.

  • Assessment of the Current Situation and Expansion of the Steering Committee

    With the help of the academic administration staff, Amandine Luquiens and Céline Bourgier are compiling a list of the existing course units and courses within the program, focusing on the patient-physician relationship, the development of the care relationship, and interpersonal skills. This allows them to connect with the instructors teaching the existing courses and to include them on the steering committee for the new course unit.

    STEP 2

  • STEP 3

    Revision of existing courses, development of the UE

    The steering committee proposes a new structure for the existing courses over a five-year period. This involves reorganizing them into a more logical sequence, with a more gradual implementation that aligns with students’ entry into hospital internships. In addition to restructuring the existing curriculum, new courses are being proposed to round out the program, such as the therapeutic communication module, which is divided into three progressive levels and will incorporate the pre-existing theater workshop.

  • Incorporating the EU into the curriculum of a pilot class

    The 2021–22 DFGSM2 class is the pilot class and marks the launch of all EU courses over the 5-year program. In addition, a few modules are offered to DFGSM3 students to test the courses (Step 6). 

    STEP 4

  • STEP 5

    A cohort-based study of students to evaluate teaching

    To measure the impact of teaching on students, three cohorts are regularly evaluated based on criteria related to empathy, as well as well-being and their understanding of the therapeutic relationship. The DFGSM2 21-22 cohort will be compared to the DFGSM3 21-22 cohort, which will have benefited from a reduced course load, and to the DFASM1 21-22 cohort, which will not have been able to take the various EU modules.

 

An EU program designed to help students learn about emotion management

As Théo Lacoste, Student Vice-Dean for 21-22, points out, medical students are “perfectionists”: “They are selected because they are the best. And this selection process continues over the years. The need to be—or at least to appear—‘flawless’ at every level—whether professionally or emotionally—persists until it becomes an almost cultural component of our way of thinking.” 

However, it is precisely an process of acculturation on this subject that this course unit is intended to foster: Amandine Luquiens explains: “We are seeking to foster this awareness among students—and even within the Faculty as a whole. The Faculty takes care of its students, and students must take care of themselves. We will thus help them acquire tools that enable them both to protect themselves and to combat ‘emotional suppression’—a management strategy that doctors have been using for many years to address the patient-caregiver relationship.”

 PTo achieve this goal, the EU is structured around four major modules, all of which are mandatory: 

  • Introduction to Meditation Mindfulness
  • Exchange of Best Practices among peers: this module encourages open discussion and helps participants better understand professional communication within a healthcare team
  • Therapeutic Communication : a multi-year module featuring theoretical instruction on announcements, the integration of theater workshops, and simulation workshops.
  • Stigmatization in Healthcare : a module featuring user testimonials in which individuals share with students their personal experiences with situations they may have encountered during their care journey

 

In summary: an innovative initiative in more ways than one

Humanism is a core value of the Faculty. It is an integral part of its history, but it also serves as a guiding principle for its future, as evidenced by this program, which is innovative in more ways than one. Indeed, this is an ethical and pedagogical innovation : 

  • co-created with students, faculty, users, and administrative staff: a true example of cross-functional collaboration among the women and men of our community 
  • that focuses on a genuine social for health science students and that is addressed early enough in their academic program to address it proactively and long enough to address it in depth
  • which includes theoretical modules but also, and above all, highly practical modules, centered on a human-centered approach to the patient-caregiver relationship, particularly through simulation workshops
  • Skills Developer key skills centered on empathy and interpersonal skills: essential tools for a more humane approach to medicine
  • carrying a message for both students and their future patients

 

Opportunities for other degree programs

The introduction of this course unit into the medical curriculum inevitably raises questions about the other programs offered by the faculty (midwifery, paramedicine). “Medicine is relatively behind compared to other programs,” admits Dr. Luquiens. “Indeed, there are already course units in the other programs, but not in such a structured, phased manner. The idea, therefore, is that once this course unit has been refined, we will ‘spread’ it to the other programs, with the aim of taking a transdisciplinary approach to these skills.”

 

April 6, 2022/by School of Medicine
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March 31, 2022 | 6th edition of Printemps de la Médecine

Headlines, Business, Events

Every year, the Faculty organizes "Printemps de la Médecine," an event for general practitioners. Find all the details in this article!

An event for general practitioners

These events provide an opportunity to review all the major medical developments of the year in the morning and to explore best practices in areas of routine medical practice through workshops in the afternoon. This event, like previous ones, will be submitted to the ANDPC website for certification, and the Faculty will handle registrations for physicians wishing to participate. In the meantime, mark this date on your calendar!

For any additional information, particularly regarding the program and registration procedures, please feel free to contact the office in charge of CPD administration at the Faculty at the following address:  med-fmc-dpc@umontpellier.fr.

 

Registration
  • 8:30 a.m.

    Overview of the Day

  • New for 2022

    with Dr. Camille Roubille (8:40 a.m. – 9:10 a.m.), Prof. Hubert Blain (9:10 a.m. – 9:40 a.m.), and Dr. David Costa (9:40 a.m. – 10:10 a.m.)

    8:40 a.m.

  • 10:10 a.m.

    Use and Cost of Diabetes Medications

    Dr. Laurence Papinaud

  • The Role of the Endocrinologist

    Prof. Éric Renard

    10:30 a.m.

  • 11:00 a.m.

    The Role of the Nephrologist

    Prof. Moglie Le Quintrec

  • The Role of the Cardiologist

    Prof. François Roubille

    11:30 a.m.

  • 12:00 p.m.

    End of the morning session

    A Message from the Dean
    A Message from the Board of the Hérault Departmental Medical Association (News from the Association by Dr. Philippe Cathala)

  • 2 workshops (2 hours each) from among the 5 workshops offered

    • Workshop 1 – 2:00–4:00 p.m. (General Practice): Management of Sleep Complaints in General Practice
    • Workshop 2 (MG): Behavioral Disorders in Older Adults
    • Workshop 3 (MG): Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)
    • Workshop 4 (Residents and Interns): Medical Confidentiality When the Patient Is at Risk: The Case of Violence Against Women
    • Workshop 5 (Residents and Interns): Practical Management of Wounds and Pressure Ulcers

    WORKSHOPS TO CHOOSE FROM

 

To register, click the link below! The Office of Continuing Medical Education and CPD looks forward to seeing many of you there!

Registration
Download the program (PDF)
March 23, 2022/by communication
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SPES Public Lecture

Featured, Events, Training

The SPES (Primary Care, Environment, and Health) program is a training initiative organized by the University Department of General Practice at the Montpellier-Nîmes School of Medicine and the Avicenne University Multidisciplinary Health Center in Cabestany. A one-day training session for general practice residents, as well as a public lecture, will take place on September 9, 2021.

 

Download the press release

The Origins of the Project

It is part of the call for proposals launched by the Occitanie Regional Health Agency (ARS) as part of the 3rd Regional Health and Environment Plan, of which it is one of the selected projects. In particular, it aims to increase awareness of environmental health among citizens and healthcare professionals.

Project Organization

To that end, it is organized in three stages:

  • A distance learning program offered to general practice residents (first year of the DES in General Practice) and faculty members in the Department of General Practice.

  • This in-person training session will take place on Thursday, September 9, 2021, at the historic building of the Montpellier-Nîmes School of Medicine. Intended for first-year general practice residents pursuing a DES (Specialized Medical Degree), the morning will be devoted to presentations and discussions with experts in environmental health, and the afternoon to working sessions with the residents to collaboratively develop their thesis projects in environmental health.

  • A public lecture will be held on the evening of Thursday, September 9, 2021, at the historic building of the Montpellier-Nîmes School of Medicine. Aimed at the general public, this year’s lecture will focus on air pollution.

Learn more about the SPES program

Meeting with the Academic Advisor

Dr. François Carbonnel, an associate professor at the Schools of General Medicine within the Montpellier-Nîmes Faculty of Medicine and a general practitioner at the Avicenne MSPU, has been selected as the winner of the call for proposals organized by the Occitanie Regional Health Agency (ARS).

Why did you decide to launch this Primary Care, Environment, and Health training program?

The environment can pose risks to our societies and to our health. This training program helps raise awareness among our colleagues about what environmental health is. We want to educate them about this field, which is still relatively unknown.

What is the purpose of this new training program?

Through this training, future general practitioners will first be able to identify environmental health risks so that they can treat them. Second, they will be able to predict and prevent them.

Who is this training course intended for?

This training program is primarily intended for residents and faculty in general practice. The goal is for this program to become a sustainable and useful resource so that we can offer it on a broader scale and ensure that environmental health issues are addressed across all regions.

September 9

The event will consist of two parts: the first part will be dedicated to training residents and faculty in general practice. The second part, open to the general public, will feature a lecture.

Here is the schedule for these two games:

Schedule for the day for interns

  • 8:30 a.m.

    Welcoming Participants

  • 9H

    Official Speeches

  • 10H

    Designing Spaces to Combat a Sedentary Lifestyle by G. Ninot

  • 11H

    Air Pollution by I. Annesi-Maesano

  • 12H

    Allergies and the Environment by P. Demoly

  • 13H

    Lunch break

  • 14H

    Thesis-Advising Workshops on Environmental Health Led by DUMG Members

  • Download the program

Conference Program for the General Public

  • 5:30 p.m.

    “Environmental Health at the University of Montpellier and in Our Regions”

  • 6:30 p.m.

    “Air Pollution” Speaker: Prof. Isabella Annesi-Maesano, INSERM Research Director, Co-Director of the Desbrest Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health (IDESP), UMR 1302, INSERM and the University of Montpellier

    Conference Registration

    Download the program

Please note that this program is subject to change depending on the public health situation.

 

 

 

July 19, 2021/by communication
https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Baniere_SPES.jpg 667 2,500 communication https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/LOGO-CLASSIQUE-H-300x135.png communicationJuly 19, 2021, 5:18:12 PMSeptember 7, 2021, 10:30:51 AMSPES Public Conference

Multidisciplinary University Health Centers: An Assessment and Outlook

Headlines, Events, Research/Innovation

"The Avicenne Multidisciplinary University Health Center (MSPU) was inaugurated in Cabestany, near Perpignan, in 2018. In June 2021, two additional MSPUs were added to this regional network. To mark this opening, a formal ceremony was held on Thursday, May 27 to review the Cabestany MSPU and present the plans for the two new MSPUs.”

 

MSPU: What is it?

A Multidisciplinary Health Center is a multiprofessional health center that has entered into an agreement with the Regional Health Agency (ARS) and a university with a medical program to promote training and research in primary care. 

 

Avicenne's MSPU: A Positive Assessment

This MSPU, led by Dr. Mark OUDE ENGBERIK and comprising some 30 healthcare professionals from various fields, has carried out several projects over the past five years. Two major projects were discussed at this conference:

  • The TSAPPproject, which aims to train healthcare professionals on providing access to care for people with disabilities.
  • The SPES (Primary Care, Environment, and Health) project, which aims to promote health and environmental awareness among professionals and the general public.

In terms of academic programs, this MSPU has 16 clinical instructors in various fields of health care and accepts 6 to 10 interns per year.

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Two new MSPUs in the region

Following the success of the projects carried out by the Avicenne MSPU, two other centers were opened in the region to meet local needs in this area.

  • MSPU LA SOURCE

    • Opened in February 2020, this MSPU is located in Vergèze and is managed by Dr. Céline Varraut.
    • It has 25 professionals working in 10 different healthcare fields
    • It focuses its objectives on three main areas: the region, training, and care
  • MSPU Pauline Lataud

    • This MSPU operates at multiple locations; it has facilities in Castries, Prades-le-Lez, Saint-Georges-d’Orques, and Vendargues, and is managed by Dr. Philippe Lognos.
    • It has 50 professionals working in 9 different healthcare fields
    • It also focuses its objectives on the same themes as the previous one.

A joint project is taking shape around these three MSPUs: to build a research network and make the service accessible to local residents.

May 31, 2021/by communication
https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Couverture-article-ADV-gris.jpeg 526 2000 communication https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/LOGO-CLASSIQUE-H-300x135.png communicationMay 31, 2021, 11:34:16 a.m.July 23, 2021, 12:44:40Multidisciplinary University Health Centers: Assessment and Outlook
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Downtown Montpellier: Historic Building

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    Marie-Anne BOIVIN

    Marie-Anne GILLAIN was born in 1773 in Montreuil, near Versailles.

    She was sent to boarding school with the Sisters of the Visitation.

    During the Revolution, she took refuge in Etampes with a relative who was the mother superior of the Hospitalières de l’Hôtel-Dieu.

    There she attended the surgeon’s lectures and served for two and a half years, from 1793 to 1796, as a hospital volunteer—that is, as a layperson who volunteered her services to the poor and sick.

    In 1797, she returned to Versailles to marry Louis BOIVIN, deputy head of the National Domains office.

    She became pregnant early on, but was suddenly widowed in 1798 at the age of 25, left without any means of support and with a young daughter to raise.

    She then decided to put to use the knowledge she had gained from the surgeon at the Hôtel-Dieu in Étampes and enrolled in the Midwifery School at the Maternity Hospital in 1799.

    In 1800, she graduated and left for Versailles to be reunited with her daughter and pursue her career.

    In 1801, following the death of her daughter, she obtained permission from Marie-Louise Lachapelle to return to the Maternity Hospice

    In 1803, she was appointed chief supervisor of the breastfeeding section. She held this position for eleven years, until 1814. During this long tenure, she took the opportunity to attend the lectures of her patron, the surgeons at the Maternity Hospital (Baudelocque, then Dubois), and the chief physicians (Andry, and especially Chaussier), from whom she gathered observations and lessons.

    In 1812, she wrote and published *A Treatise on the Art of Childbirth*. The work was approved by the Ministry of the Interior, which included it among the textbooks given to graduates of the Maternity School.

    In 1814, the position of supervisor that she held was eliminated, and she was dismissed with a severance payment equal to her annual salary, or 360 francs.

    Starting in October, she was hired as a storekeeper and steward at the Poissy General Hospital, a position she held until January 1819, when the General Hospital was converted into a prison.

    Little is known about this period of her life: Did she continue her obstetric practice despite her new, more administrative duties? Did she do so at the general hospital? Or with a private clientele? In any case, for a time she appears to have earned a comfortable annual salary of 1,200 francs—almost as much as the head midwife at the Maternity Hospital.

    In 1818, she entered the Paris Medical Society’s competition anonymously, submitting a paper on internal uterine hemorrhages. She was awarded the medal.

    On February1, 1819, she joined the Maison Royale de Santé in Paris as chief supervising midwife, with a modest salary of 350 francs per year.

    In 1821, an opportunity for promotion arose following the death of Marie-Louise Lachapelle.

    According to procedure, the General Council of the Hospices must submit to the Minister of the Interior a list of five female candidates to succeed the renowned midwife.

    On November 14, 1821, the Council voted to approve a list with Marie-Anne Boivin at the top; she received 12 out of 12 votes in the first round of voting to select the top candidate.

    A month and a half later, the Minister of the Interior endorsed the Council’s decision.

    But the winner declined the position (or rather, resigned), forcing the board to propose another list. Why the refusal? All contemporary biographers attribute this decision to a public promise Marie-Anne Boivin is said to have made to her former patron never to replace her, even after her death. If that is the case, she kept her word, and another midwife, Madeleine Catherine Legrand, was appointed in 1822.

    Marie-Anne Boivin therefore continued to practice at the Maison Royale de Santé, where she accumulated observations, publications, and honors.

    In 1828, she presented a paper on spontaneous abortions, which was awarded a prize by the Bordeaux Medical Society.

    In September 1835, at the age of 62, worn out and exhausted, she retired and urged the hospice board to grant her a pension. Finally, after suffering a first stroke that left her hemiplegic, she died in May 1841.

    In 1902, one of the rooms in the renovated maternity ward was named after Marie-Anne Boivin.

    Louise BOURGEOIS

    She was born in 1563 on Boulevard Saint-Germain or in Mons to a family of doctors.

    In 1594, she married Martin BOURSIER, a master surgeon and student of Ambroise PARÉ.

    She finds herself without any means of support when her husband is enlisted in the king's army.

    She quickly gained a reputation among the ladies of the court and delivered the queen's children six times.

    She is paid 500 crowns for the birth of a boy and 300 for the birth of a girl.

    It lost its prominence following the death of Marie de Bourbon-Montpensier, wife of Gaston d’Orléans, at the time of the birth of the Grande Mademoiselle.

    According to the surgeons who performed the autopsy on the woman who had given birth, her death was attributed to placental debris remaining in the uterus, and Louise Bourgeois was subsequently accused of negligence.

    At that time, there were few male obstetricians practicing, and they were trying to gain the upper hand over the midwives' guild.

    Louise questions their competence by harshly criticizing the autopsy findings and the skills of the obstetricians; however, her response has the opposite effect of what she intended, as it ends up giving them publicity.

    She was the first midwife to write a book on obstetrics, *Various Observations on Infertility, Miscarriage, Fertility, Childbirth, and Diseases of Women and Newborns*, published in 1609.

    In this book, she points out that infertility in a couple can be caused by the man, even though—like the doctors of that era—she confuses the ability to procreate with sexual vigor.

    She identified the role of malnutrition in fetal health, and she was the first to prescribe iron supplements to treat anemia.

    She emphasizes the importance of anatomical knowledge for midwives and urges doctors to allow them to attend lectures and dissection sessions.

    In 1636, the Parisian midwives submitted a petition to the Faculty of Medicine requesting that Louise Bourgeois be allowed to teach them obstetrics, but their request was denied.

    Subsequently, however, one of her students, Marguerite du Tertre de la Marche, was appointed head of the midwives at the Hôtel-Dieu and succeeded in overhauling their training program.

    She died on December 20, 1636, on Boulevard Saint-Germain at the age of 73.

    Jean-Louis BAUDELOCQUE

    He was born on November 30, 1745, in Heilly, Picardy.

    He was the son of Jean Baptiste BAUDELOCQUE, a surgeon, and Anne Marguerite LEVASSEUR. His brothers Félix Honoré (1744–1794) and Jean Baptiste (1749–1800) were both doctors. He was the third of ten children.

    It was his father who introduced him to surgery in the countryside of Picardy.

    He completed his studies in Paris at the Hôpital de la Charité, where a renowned professor of obstetrics, Solayrès de Renhac (1737–1772), was on staff.

    In 1772, following Solayrès’s untimely death at the age of 35, he collected the manuscripts of his lectures and succeeded him as professor of obstetrics at the Hôpital de la Charité. Thanks to Baudelocque, Solayrès’s work was saved from oblivion.

    In 1775, at the initiative of Augier du FOT, a surgeon and childbirth instructor in Soissons, he published—based on manuscripts bequeathed by Solayrès de RENHAC—the first edition of a manual intended for the training of midwives. This work was later republished under his name alone, under the title“Principles of the Art of Childbirth: Questions and Answers for Student Midwives.” It was reprinted three times during Baudelocque’s lifetime and three more times posthumously.

    In 1776, following the defense of his dissertation on symphysotomy, titled“An in partu propter angustiam pelvis impossibili, symphysis ossium secanda?”, he was appointed surgeon at the Hôpital de la Charité in Paris and was awarded the title of Master of Surgery by the Paris College of Surgery.

    On April 5 or 6, 1777, in Paris, he married Andrée DERULLIER (née de Vulier, de Voulier, de Rullie, or de Rouillier), whose family made mannequins of pregnant women for demonstrations in childbirth classes; she died on January 4, 1787, childless.

    In 1781 and 1789, he published the first two editions of his scholarly treatise*The Art of Childbirth* in two volumes. He became famous for his forceps, his practice of cesarean sections, and the invention of the pelvimeter, which measures the external anteroposterior diameter to identify patients who might experience difficulties during childbirth.

    On September 14, 1788, in Amiens, he married Marie Catherine Rose Laurent; the couple had five children (three daughters and two sons).

    During the French Revolution, the guilds and faculties were abolished. Hospitals lost some of their staff and funding. Baudelocque, however, managed to build a reputation as an obstetrician thanks to a clientele in the city and private obstetrics classes.

    In 1794, the former Faculty of Medicine was replaced by the École centrale de Santé de Paris, where he was responsible for teaching medical students and midwives.

    In October 1795, the Hospice de la Maternité took in poor women and unwed mothers to assist them during childbirth and provided clinical training for midwives and doctors from the École de Santé.

    In addition, this facility also takes in abandoned children.

    In 1798, Baudelocque, in addition to his position as professor of obstetrics at the Paris School of Public Health, became chief surgeon at the Maternity Hospital.

    In 1802, the Hospice de la Maternité school was founded, where Baudelocque put his teaching skills to use, employing mannequins to allow students to practice examinations and obstetric procedures. He emphasized observation over active intervention, preferring to let nature take its course and using instruments as little as possible.

    Busy with his many responsibilities, he delegated part of his authority to the head midwife of the Maternity Ward, Marie-Louise Lachapelle (1769–1821), who took on part of the training of the midwifery students and was authorized to use forceps on her own in the event of a difficult delivery.

    He was involved in a high-profile lawsuit brought against him by an obstetrician, Jean François SACOMBE, a fierce opponent of cesarean sections and a defender of traditional midwifery practices. Sacombe, who had set himself up as a defender of midwives and accused Baudelocque of infanticide, ultimately lost his case in 1804 and, in the process, any sense of proportion.

    In 1806, Napoleon appointed Jean-Louis Baudelocque to the chair of obstetrics, the first medical specialty chair in France.

    He became the obstetrician to the queens of Spain, Holland, and Naples, as well as to all the ladies of the court.

    He had been chosen and selected in advance to deliver the heir awaited by Napoleon and Empress Marie-Louise of Austria. But, struck down by a cerebral hemorrhage, he would not live to see the birth of the King of Rome.

    He died on May 2 or 3, 1810, at 16 Rue Jacob in Paris (6th arrondissement), where he lived, at the age of 65.

    He was buried at the Vaugirard West Cemetery, then exhumed due to land acquisition for the construction of what is now Boulevard Pasteur.

    He was then buried on August 17, 1839, at Père-Lachaise Cemetery (45thdivision).

    He was the most famous obstetrician of his time.

    A physician at the Hôpital des Enfants Malades, he would lend his name to the Baudelocque Clinic in 1890.

    In 1966, the Port-Royal Maternity Hospital was built. The two facilities merged in 1993 (14th arrondissement of Paris).

    There is now a midwifery school on Avenue Denfert-Rochereau that bears her name.

    François CHAUSSIER

    He was born on July 2, 1746, in Dijon, in the parish of Saint Pierre.

    His father was a master glazier.

    After completing his training at the Dijon hospital, his mother sent him to Paris to continue his medical studies, and he enrolled at the Royal College of Surgery, where he attended classes regularly from 1765 to 1767 and took anatomy courses taught by Raphaël SABATIER and Jean-Joseph SUE.

    At the same time, he was learning the basics of surgery at Lafaye’s clinics and, in the afternoons, at those of Isaac GOURSAUD.

    His years of surgical training came to an end in 1768, when he earned the title of Master of Surgery; he then settled in Dijon as a surgeon

    He married Jeanne CARRE, the daughter and granddaughter of a master surgeon, on July 27, 1767, in Quetigny, Côte d’Or. Together they had a son, Bernard François Hector (1769–1837).

    In 1769, he began teaching a free course in human and comparative anatomy, which was attended by many students for more than ten years.

    In 1774, the Estates of Burgundy established a chemistry program with Louis-Bernard GUYTON de MORVEAU as the full professor and Hugues MARET and François CHAUSSIER as assistant professors. Upon MARET’s death in 1786, he was promoted to second professor of chemistry.

    In Dijon, his professional qualities earned him the favor of his patients, and his reputation quickly spread beyond Burgundy; he distinguished himself at the Academy of Surgery through several presentations, and as a result, he was awarded the Academy’s Gold Medal at the public session on April 10, 1777.

    He received his Doctor of Medicine degree from the University of Besançon on January 14, 1780, and in 1784, he became a corresponding member of the Royal Society of Medicine. That same year, he was admitted to the Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Literature in Dijon, where he became secretary-general following the retirement of Guyton de Morveau.

    In 1785, at the request of the Estates of Burgundy, he published a popular guide on the treatment of bites from rabid animals: “Method for Treating Bites from Rabid Animals and Vipers; Followed by a Summary on the Malignant Pustule” (with Joseph Enaux, 1726–1798).

    In 1789, he published a study on the muscles of the human body, in which he proposed a more rational classification than the one taught up to that point: “A Brief Overview of the Muscles of the Human Body According to the Methodical Classification and Nomenclature Adopted in the Public Anatomy Course at Dijon”; this work was reprinted in 1797.

    On December 20, 1789, he read a paper titled “Surgical-Forensic Observations on an Important Point of Criminal Jurisprudence” at the Academy of Dijon, in which he demonstrated the role that a physician could play in assisting the justice system; this work attracted attention, and the following year he launched a course in forensic medicine in Dijon.

    On 3 Nivôse, Year III (December 23, 1794), he married Angélique LABOREY in Dijon (Crébillon District); they also had a son, Franck Bernard Simon (1804–1866).

    In 1794, Antoine-François Fourcroy was tasked by the National Convention with reorganizing medical education and sought out a figure who could provide him with the details of this reorganization. Claude-Antoine Prieur-Duvernois, from the Côte-d’Or, who headed the Department of Science and the Arts on the Committee of Public Safety, recommended François Chaussier, who thus joined the Committee of Public Instruction: he drafted a report and a proposed decree, which he read from the rostrum of the Convention on 7 Frimaire, Year III (November 27, 1794); In it, he proposed the creation of a single “Central School of Health” in Paris; the members of the Convention, who were broadly in favor of decentralization, called for the creation of other similar schools in Montpellier and Strasbourg, and it was on this basis that the report was adopted on 14 Frimaire (December 4).

    Chaussier returned to Dijon, where he resumed his lectures and studies as well as the duties entrusted to him: he had been appointed physician of the Dijon Hospices in April 1793 and Prison Surgeon; he did not remain there long, however, as he was recalled to Paris to occupy the chair of anatomy and physiology at the School of Health. Chaussier was, in the words of Joseph-Henri Réveillé-Parise, the most famous professor of physiology at the École de Paris: he argued that vitalism was the foundation of all studies in physiology.

    A decree dated 7 Vendémiaire, Year III (September 28, 1794) officially established the École Centrale des Travaux Publics, which would later become the École Polytechnique, the Board of Directors proposed, less than a month after the school opened, to establish an infirmary there and to appoint a “health officer” (the revolutionary term for doctors) to care for sick students and also to teach lessons on “the art of preventing and alleviating diseases.” The roster of École Polytechnique staff for the following year lists him as an assistant to Claude Louis Berthollet, “simultaneously responsible for the courses in Zootechnics and Public Health, and School Physician”: in fact, he taught Berthollet’s course during the latter’s absence in Italy in 1796–1797. After the formalization of chemistry instruction, Chaussier appears to have abandoned teaching this science and confined himself almost entirely to his duties as a physician.

    In 1799, *Les tables synoptiques* was published to great acclaim. It provides a summary of the physiology, pathology, and treatment of the various anatomical systems of the human body.

    On May 9, 1804, he was appointed Physician of the Maternity Hospitals and entrusted with the chairmanship of the medical examination boards for the examinations to become a Public Health Officer, Pharmacist, and Midwife for the district of the Paris Faculty of Medicine.

    He was a member of the commission appointed by the Minister of the Interior in October 1810 to study “secret remedies”; there he worked alongside André Marie Constant Duméril, Jean-Joseph Menuret, and Nicolas Deyeux.

    In 1815, after the fall of the First Empire, he was replaced as physician at the École Polytechnique, but he retained his chair at the Faculty until November 21, 1822, when the Restoration reorganized the Faculty: he was appointed honorary professor and his chair was revoked. He was deeply embittered by this, and the next day, he suffered a stroke that temporarily left him unable to speak or walk. He recovered, however, though he remained hemiplegic—a condition that did not prevent him from continuing his work at the Maternity Hospital.

    On May 6, 1823, he was admitted tothe Academy of Sciences.

    Between 1824 and 1827, he published several works on forensic medicine: “Forensic Manual of Poisons, Preceded by Considerations on Poisoning”14, “Collection of Papers, Consultations, and Reports on Various Topics in Forensic Medicine”15, “A Forensic Medical Treatise on the Viability of the Newborn, Presented toHis Excellency the Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice”16

    François Chaussier died at his home in Paris on June 19, 1828, at the age of 81, from a stroke.

    He was buried at Père-Lachaise Cemetery (18th division) on June 21: Nicolas-Philibert Adelon delivered a speech on behalf of the Academy; Marie-Alexandre Désormaux, representing the Faculty, did the same; and Duméril, on behalf of the Royal Academy of Sciences, read a lengthy eulogy.

    Franck CHAUSSIER, thesecond son, followed in his father's footsteps and defended his doctoral dissertation in 1827 in Montpellier.

    He is a French physician, a professor at the Paris Faculty of Medicine, and a member of the Royal Academy of Medicine and the Academy of Sciences.

    Chaussier was the chief editor of the articles on pharmacy inthe *Encyclopédie méthodique*13.

    Angélique Marguerite Le BOURSIER du COUDRAY

    She was born in 1712 in Clermont-Ferrand to a family of doctors.

    For the first three years, she studied under Anne BAIRSIN, a midwife.

    On September 26, 1739, she received her diploma and shortly thereafter became a licensed midwife.

    She worked as a master midwife at Châtelet in Paris for sixteen years.

    In 1752, to put theory into practice, she published a book titled *A Summary of the Art of Childbirth*.

    In 1754, she returned to Auvergne and began giving free lessons.

    In 1758, she designed her famous demonstration “machine” (made of wood, cardboard, fabric, and cotton), which was approved on December1 by the Academy of Surgery.

    During the two-month training course, the students were encouraged to practice on the mannequin.

    • In 1759 (or 1757 or 1767), Louis XV granted her a pension and issued her a royal charter authorizing her to teach throughout the kingdom; she embarked on an obstetric tour of France that would last 25 years and continue until 1783, during the reign of Louis XVI, training more than 5,000 women and surgeons.
    • In 1768, she enlisted the help of her niece, Mlle Marguerite GUILLOMANCE.
    • In 1769, asecond edition of her book was published, which she had illustrated with 26 charming color engravings.
    • In 1770, she hired a young surgeon in Bordeaux, Mr. COUTANCEAU, who married her niece shortly thereafter.
    • In 1789, she was staying with her niece.

    She died on April 16, 1794, at the age of 79, in Bordeaux, in poverty and solitude, with her niece and her husband absent. There is a Rue Angélique du Coudray in Thorigné-Fouillard and also a Rue Madame-du-Coudray in Clermont-Ferrand, her hometown. The maternity ward at the Melun Hospital (77) is also named after her.

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