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Tag Archive for: Montpellier

18th edition of the Festival des Architectures Vives

Featured, Main Banner
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April 12, 2024/by communication
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A look back at the TF1 report by journalist Aurélie Erhel on “Le Parfum”

Headlines

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April 5, 2024/by communication
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Primavera: The Success of the 19th Edition.

Featured, Main Banner, Exhibition, Jardin des Plantes, primavera
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March 29, 2024/by communication
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A Look Back at the Open House Events at the Montpellier-Nîmes School of Medicine

Headlines, Events, Training, Staff Life, Student Life
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March 15, 2024/by communication
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What is the CSU?

Headlines, Student Life
Read more
March 7, 2024/by communication
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Inauguration of the School of Geriatrics and Gerontology

Headlines, Events, Training

On June 1, 2022, the School of Geriatrics and Gerontology was inaugurated in the Faculty of Medicine’s Historic Building. We were able to celebrate this achievement in the presence of Isabelle Laffont, Dean of the Faculty; Jacques Mercier, Vice President ofthe University of Montpellier; and Nicole Marin-Khoury, Deputy Mayor of the City of Montpellier.

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A school unlike any other in France…

This project, led by Professor Claude Jeandel, Director of the School of Geriatrics and Gerontology; Dr. Stéphanie Miot, its Associate Director; Ms. Myriam Aggoun, its Administrative Director; and Ms. Marie-Laure Portalez, a research engineer, is the first school of its kind in France.

In fact, this school was founded in response to a societal reality: we are facing a real demographic challenge. This challenge is reflected in an aging population and an increase in the number of people with reduced independence (2.45 million in 2060, compared to 1.6 million in 2030). Offering tailored gerontology training programs for students and professionals in the field has become essential in light of these societal, medical, and scientific challenges.

In order to provide a cross-disciplinary and holistic approach to issues related to advanced age, a diverse range of training programs has been developed, featuring innovative teaching methods across the sector’s various fields of application (medical, epidemiological, psychological, legal, etc.).

… and innovative

Stemming from the IDEFI-TIL program (Initiatives for Excellence in Innovative Training – Trans Innov Longevity), launched in 2014 at the Faculty, the gerontology training programs offered by the Faculty of Medicine have already enabled many professionals in the medical and paramedical fields to specialize in this area.

Innovation is a top priority for the School of Geriatrics and Gerontology, which offers, among other things, training programs tailored to e-learning tracks. These simulation workshops  are also held once a year. Finally, tutoring is provided by alumni of the various programs.

In addition, older adults will be involved in teaching, and certain training programs will be designed for them as part of therapeutic education.

4 major areas of training

 

  • A center for healthcare professionals

    Intended for professionals in the health and medical-social sectors.

  • A center for physicians and medical students

    Academic Coordination of Medical School Course Units

  • A center for family caregivers

    Training, Awareness-Raising, and Support Initiatives

  • A center for patients

    Training on Chronic Diseases and Patient Therapy Education

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#WeTalkedAboutIt

This initiative is already making headlines! Check out the various news articles below!

Article from Midi Libre: The First Steps of a School of Geriatrics and Gerontology at the School of Medicine

La Marseillaise: A School of Geriatrics and Gerontology in Montpellier

June 5, 2022/by communication
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Gerontology | Aging Simulator: Innovating to Gain a Better Understanding

Headlines, Training, Research/Innovation

Older adults account for more than 20% of the French population (Source: INSEE 2020), yet the aging process remains poorly understood. Thanks to the simulation tools offered in this innovative workshop, participants will be able to “jump forward” several years in time. This will allow them to hone, through experience, their skills in supporting older adults.

Why this workshop?

This workshop, offered by the School of Geriatrics and Gerontology, was created to allow participants to experience the major impairments associated with aging. 

It is led by its administrative director, Myriam Taroudjit, and Marie-Laure Portalez, a design engineer. 

Special equipment allows participants to experience firsthand the main age-related sensory impairments. This helps them recognize the challenges faced by older adults and better understand their behaviors and specific needs.

“True experiential learning aimed at improving the quality of life for older adults”

The effectiveness of this simulation-based method was the subject of a study conducted by medical students at Julius-Maximilians University in Würzburg (Dr. med. Filz S.A., Dr. med. Swoboda W., et al.).

The research, conducted in the form of hands-on training sessions that involved wearing a simulation suit, yielded the following results:

  • Ability to empathize with the living conditions of an older adult after the practicum: 83% of participants.
  • Ability to put oneself in the shoes of an older adult after the practicum: 90% of participants.
  • Understanding of an older adult’s physical condition after the practicum: 95% of participants

 

How?

Using simulation scenarios composed of several elements, participants put themselves in the shoes of an older adult by experiencing the physical and emotional challenges associated with aging.

Here are a few examples: 

  • SPECIAL GLASSES

    They cause changes in color perception, grainy blurriness, sensitivity to glare, and/or a narrowing of the visual field

  • HEARING PROTECTION

    It causes high-frequency hearing loss

  • THE WEIGHT VEST

    This vest allows participants to experience spinal curvature, forward pelvic tilt, postural weakness, restricted mobility, loss of strength, increased physical stress, and/or impaired balance.

  • GLOVES

    They cause restricted hand mobility, reduced dexterity, and diminished tactile sensation

  • ANKLE WEIGHTS

    Ankle weights cause a loss of muscle strength, impaired coordination, and an unsteady gait characterized by shuffling

  • THE SOFT INSOLE OF THE OVER-SHOE

    This special insole provides a cushioned feel and reduces the sensation of contact with the ground, creating a feeling of insecurity.

  • SPECIAL GLOVES

    These other gloves allow for the simulation of tremors, which are realistically reproduced through electrical muscle stimulation and a continuously adjustable control module

Feedback from Our Students

Every year, this innovative workshop is offered to students at the School to supplement their curriculum and deepen their understanding of older adults. The feedback has been overwhelmingly positive:

Stéphanie: “This workshop was very interesting, and everyone who works with older adults should be able to participate in this simulation workshop. Losing one’s senses is very unsettling.”

Mariam: “This afternoon, I experienced firsthand what the older adults I care for go through every day: muscle pain, hearing and vision problems, and slowed movements—all caused by an environment that is no longer safe for them to navigate.”

Maïlys: “In a professional setting, I’ll pay even closer attention to these ‘pains’ and how people experience and cope with them in their daily lives, so I can best tailor my responses to their needs.”

 

More photos: 

May 16, 2022/by communication
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#ProudOfOurStudents | Top 3 Reasons to Get Your Copy of “Karab’s,” the Free Student Guide by ACM!

Headlines, Student Life

What is Karab’s? It’s a pocket-sized guide listing local spots and great deals around town for local and international students. Created by students fromthe ACM student union, their project was launched on April 27, 2022, after three years of hard work and dedication.

3 Great Reasons to Get the Karab’s!

 

  • 1 - A PRACTICAL GUIDE BASED ON SIZE AND FORMAT

    Choosing Karab’s means choosing convenience! As small as a paperback, this little guide will easily slip into your bag so you can take it with you everywhere you go through the streets of Montpellier.

    Convenient not only because of its size but also its format! The Karab’s is divided into 6 chapters to guide you through your daily student life: eating, studying, getting some fresh air, going out, cultural activities, and drinking (in moderation, let’s not forget…!). The guide is clear and easy to understand; it features photos of various spots (handy for newcomers to Montpellier!) along with information such as hours, prices, locations, and much more…

  • 2 - A MUST-HAVE FOR DISCOVERING NEW PLACES

    Whether you’re a local student or an international student, Le Karab’s is a quick and easy way to find great spots or discover new ones, both in downtown Montpellier and the surrounding area! From upscale restaurants in Montpellier to budget-friendly bars, you’ll find all kinds of places listed here.

  • 3 - SUPPORT A STUDENT INITIATIVE

    After three years of hard work, the students atACM Corpo finally saw their project come to fruition! By purchasing this guide, you’re also supporting their work.

    Whether you’re a fan of great deals or just curious, this guide is for you! The best part? Karab’s is 100% free and available at the Medicine Student Union in Montpellier, so go get your copy!

 

 

View this post on Instagram

 

A post shared by Karab’s: Student Guide (@karabs.mtp)

Karab’s Makes the Front Page of the Local Press!

And since such a wonderful initiative was bound to catch the attention of the local press, Karab’s has already been featured twice! Coming soon to Radio Campus Montpellier and Fun Radio, this little guide has a bright future ahead of it!

Le Karabs in Midi Libre
"Le Karabs" on France 3 Occitanie
May 12, 2022/by School of Medicine
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MUSE “Learning Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Techniques for the Digestive Tract and Upper Respiratory Tract Through Simulation (ENDOSIM)”

Featured, MUSE, Research/Innovation

In 2020, Dr. Favier and Dr. Debourdeau once again submitted a proposal to MUSE’s call for projects. They were named winners of the Take Off 4 award, which recognizes innovations in education.

An Educational Innovation for Safety

Physicians and surgeons are required to perform invasive procedures for the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. These procedures require extensive and rigorous training, which takes place primarily during residency (beginning in the 7th year of medical school, upon entering a specialty).

The quality of medical-technical and surgical procedures must be at the heart of training, as it impacts the health and safety of patients. The technical training of medical and surgical residents must therefore include preliminary instruction designed to ensure the safety of patients, trainees, and supervisors alike.

Factors Driving Change

 The use of anatomical specimens for training has been widely adopted, but this training method is limited by the availability of specimens. Another limiting factor is the difficulty in maintaining the realistic appearance of the digestive and respiratory tracts on these biological models.

The Simulator as a Solution

Simulator-based training helps meet safety requirements, since students do not come into direct contact with patients during their initial simulations, mistakes are permitted, and instructors can give students greater freedom to practice while providing educational feedback during dedicated training sessions—which are more frequent because they are easier to implement. This learning method also eliminates the biological risks associated with the use of anatomical specimens.

The specific areas involved

Since simulation is a very expensive tool that takes a long time to set up, Drs. Favier and Debourdeau conducted preliminary studies to determine in which areas this simulation could be most useful.

According to their research, simulation-based training is necessary for the following procedures:

  • Diagnostic and Interventional Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (Gastroenterology)
  • Diagnostic and Interventional Colonoscopy (Gastroenterology)
  • Endoscopic Nasal, Sinus, and Anterior Skull Base Surgery (ENT, Neurosurgery, Maxillofacial Surgery)
  • Diagnostic Flexible Fibroscopy of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract (ENT, Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Oncology)
  • Rigid bronchoscopy (ENT specialists, pediatricians, pulmonologists)

Proven effectiveness

These procedural simulators have been scientifically validated for initial training and have proven their effectiveness. In total, these programs involve 220 residents in the Montpellier-Nîmes area (20 gastroenterologists, 18 ENT specialists, 6 neurosurgeons, 6 maxillofacial surgeons, 15 pulmonologists, 125 anesthesiologists and intensivists, and 20 oncologists).

A project that builds on the previous one

Remember, we had already mentioned, in one of our articles, Drs. Favier and Debourdeau, who were winners of a previous MUSE Take Off competition. That project involved the development of an app called SPART APP, designed to assess the technical skills of residents.

This project builds on the Spart-APP initiative. In fact, this application—which can track residents’ technical progress—may be integrated with a simulation platform in the future. This platform will enhance real-time learning for students who are struggling, as part of an active and dynamic teaching approach.

September 14, 2021/by communication
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Interview with photographer Cédric Matet for the exhibition “L’Humain dans son Jardin”

800 Years, Headlines, Events, Jardin des Plantes, Staff Life, Student Life

As part of the 800th-anniversary celebrations, a photography exhibition will take place from July 10 to October 10. Curated by renowned photographer CédricMATET, it will be held at the Jardin des Plantes. In 2020, this photographer also curated the exhibition “Behind the Masks,” whichfeatures200 portraits of medical personnel.

Practical Information

 

  • Location

    The exhibition will take place at the Jardin des Plantes in Montpellier.

    Henri IV Boulevard,

    34000 Montpellier

  • Dates

    This exhibition will take place from July 9 to October 10, 2021.

  • Hours

    The Jardin des Plantes is open:

    • Tuesday through Saturday, 12:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m.
    • Sundays from 12:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.
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View the press kit

“People in Their Gardens”

The title of the exhibition is fundamentally linked to itscontent. In fact, for this exhibition, the artist chose to work with anatomical specimens from the Faculty’s anatomy museum. To better understand his project, we interviewed the photographer.

 

What is your background?

I’m originally fromSète. I attended a design school in Montpellier that is now called ESMA. After that, I enrolled at the Gobelins School of Visual Arts in Paris. Later, I went back to school to earn a master’s degree in Urban Planning and Sustainable Development because I’m interested in cities. In the meantime, I’ve been working in art direction and design at various communications agencies.

What interests me is connecting art to the city, to maps, to cartography, and to people. In my view, an artist must be rooted in their context: urban, political, and human.

 

Can you tell us about the “Behind the Masks” project?

It was GéraldCHANQUES, a professor at the faculty and a doctor atSaint EloiHospital, who contacted me and proposed this project. I wanted to convey a vision ofwhat healthcare providers and their commitments can be. 

 

How would you describe yourself?

If I had to define myself and my work, I would talk abouttransdisciplinarity. I am a photographer, but I’m also a visual artist; I enjoy working with a variety of materials and collaborating with people from different fields.

 

Can you tell us about your new exhibition, “Man in His Garden”?

It’s been an idea of mine for quite some time to explore the Jardin des Plantes, but I have a real passion for the anatomy museum, which I visited when I was a student. Being able to talk about botany through the garden, but also about humanity and research on the human body—I think that’s fabulous. The project was a collaboration between the two of us, once again with ProfessorCHANQUES.

This project is interesting becauseit takes me out of my comfort zone;I usuallytake portraits, but that’s not the case here.
Furthermore, since all the rooms are designated as historic landmarks, I have a special relationship with the curator. She’s the third subject of this project—I can’t work without her. Usually, I direct my model,but here I can’t because of the piece’s fragility—every movement must be carried out by the curator.
It’sinteresting becausethe artwork and the garden exist independently of me. 

There are three of us working on this project: Jane, who creates digital art and is a videographer; Luc, who does motion design, among other things; and me, who works with visuals and handles the artistic direction for the whole project. None of us knows what the final result will be.

 

How did you choose the anatomical structures?

I first sought advice from ProfessorCHANQUES and the curators to find out which pieces are emblematic of the conservatory. I didn’t choose the pieces based on their aesthetic appeal, since the goal of this exhibition is to tell a story and convey meaning.
The only exception to this is a bust we found—no one knows the identity, history, or era of the person it depicts. I found it fragile and touching, so I decided to include it. It’s the only piece I selected based on a gut feeling.

There are some pieces that,unfortunately, we were unable to include because of their fragility. I was also drawn to other pieces, but they didn’t depict the human body and therefore strayed from the subject. I’ll explore those later for another, more personal project.

Some pieces are also too heavy to move. However, that is part of the exhibition’s story.
For some pieces that we couldn’t bring out to the Jardin des Plantes, we brought the Jardin to them by using branches and foliage.

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July 9, 2021/by communication
https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/BANNERS-humain-dans-son-jardin.jpeg 1080 1920 communication https://facmedecine.umontpellier.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/LOGO-CLASSIQUE-H-300x135.png communicationJuly 9, 2021, 2:00:14 PMJuly 23, 2021, 12:44:02 PMInterview with photographer Cédric Matet for the exhibition “Man in His Garden”
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Headlines

  • Ceremony to Welcome Newcomers and Honor RetireesOctober 8, 2026 - 5:25 p.m.
  • Carabins in the Interwar Period, exhibition from October 1 to December 18, 2026October 5, 2026 – 12:00 p.m.
  • RED BLOOM: Cursed Algae, on view through October 15, 2026September 21, 2026 – 10:47 a.m.

Downtown Montpellier: Historic Building

Faculty headquarters and mailing address
2 rue École de Médecine
CS 59001
34060 Montpellier cx 2
04 34 43 36 00

North Montpellier

Arnaud de Villeneuve Health Campus and Administration
641 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud
34070 Montpellier
04 34 43 35 00/01

Nîmes

Carémeau Health Campus and Administration
186 Chemin du Carreau de Lanes
CS 83021
30908 Nîmes cedex 2
04 66 02 81 81

Montpellier Botanical Garden

Boulevard Henri IV
34000 Montpellier
VSS: Tolerance 0

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Request for a self-guided tour of the JARDIN des PLANTES

Request for a self-guided tour of the JARDIN des PLANTES

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Self-guided tours are only available during public hours, specifically:

SUMMER HOURS

April 1 through September 30: 12:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m., except on Mondays.

WINTER HOURS

October 1 through March 31: 11 a.m. to 6 p.m., except on Mondays.

This form is an informational document used to track group visits to the botanical garden. It also provides us with data needed to compile statistics on visitor attendance.

 


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    Marie-Anne BOIVIN

    Marie-Anne GILLAIN was born in 1773 in Montreuil, near Versailles.

    She was sent to boarding school with the Sisters of the Visitation.

    During the Revolution, she took refuge in Etampes, at the home of a relative who was the mother superior of the Hospitalières de l’Hôtel-Dieu.

    There she attended the surgeon’s lectures and served for two and a half years, from 1793 to 1796, as a hospital volunteer—that is, as a layperson who volunteered her services to the poor and sick.

    In 1797, she returned to Versailles to marry Louis BOIVIN, deputy office manager at the National Domains.

    She became pregnant early on, but in 1798, at the age of 25, she was suddenly widowed, left destitute, and with a young daughter to raise.

    She then decided to put to use the knowledge she had gained from the surgeon at the Hôtel-Dieu d’Étampes and enrolled in the Midwifery School at the Maternité in 1799.

    In 1800, she graduated and left for Versailles to be reunited with her daughter and pursue her career.

    In 1801, following the death of her daughter, she obtained permission from Marie-Louise Lachapelle to return to the Maternity Hospice

    In 1803, she was appointed chief supervisor of the breastfeeding unit. She held this position for eleven years, until 1814. During this long tenure, she took the opportunity to attend lectures given by her patron, the surgeons at the Maternity Hospital (Baudelocque, then Dubois), and the chief physicians (Andry, and especially Chaussier), from whom she gathered insights and lessons.

    In 1812, she wrote and published *A Treatise on the Art of Childbirth*. The work was approved by the Ministry of the Interior, which included it among the textbooks given to graduates of the Maternity School.

    In 1814, the position of supervisor that she held was eliminated, and she was dismissed with a gratuity equal to her annual salary, or 360 francs.

    Starting in October, she was hired as a storekeeper and steward at the Poissy General Hospital, a position she held until January 1819, when the General Hospital was converted into a prison.

    Little is known about this period of her life: Did she continue her obstetric practice despite her new, more administrative duties? Did she do so at the general hospital? Or with a private clientele? In any case, it appears that for a time she received a comfortable annual salary of 1,200 francs—almost as much as the head midwife at the Maternity Hospital.

    In 1818, she entered the Paris Medical Society’s competition anonymously, submitting a paper on internal uterine hemorrhages. She was awarded the medal.

    On February1, 1819, she joined the Maison Royale de Santé in Paris as chief supervising midwife, with a modest salary of 350 francs per year.

    In 1821, an opportunity for promotion arose following the death of Marie-Louise Lachapelle.

    According to procedure, the General Council of the Hospices must submit to the Minister of the Interior a list of five female candidates to succeed the renowned midwife.

    On November 14, 1821, the Council voted to approve a list with Marie-Anne Boivin at the top; she received 12 out of 12 votes in the first round of voting to select the top candidate.

    A month and a half later, the Minister of the Interior endorsed the Council's decision.

    But the winner declined the position (or rather, resigned), forcing the board to propose another list. Why the refusal? All contemporary biographers attribute this decision to a public promise Marie-Anne Boivin is said to have made to her former patroness never to replace her, even after her death. If this is true, she kept her word, and another midwife, Madeleine Catherine Legrand, was appointed in 1822.

    Marie-Anne Boivin therefore continued to practice at the Maison Royale de Santé, where she amassed a body of observations, publications, and honors.

    In 1828, she presented a paper on spontaneous abortions, which was awarded a prize by the Bordeaux Medical Society.

    In September 1835, at the age of 62, worn out and exhausted, she retired and urged the hospice board to grant her a pension. Finally, after suffering a first stroke that left her with hemiplegia, she died in May 1841.

    In 1902, one of the rooms in the renovated maternity ward was named after Marie-Anne Boivin.

    Louise BOURGEOIS

    She was born in 1563 on Boulevard Saint-Germain or in Mons to a family of doctors.

    In 1594, she married Martin BOURSIER, a master surgeon and student of Ambroise PARÉ.

    She finds herself without any means of support when her husband is enlisted in the king's army.

    She quickly gained a reputation among the ladies of the court and delivered the queen's children six times.

    She is paid 500 crowns for the birth of a boy and 300 for the birth of a girl.

    It lost its fame following the death of Marie de Bourbon-Montpensier, wife of Gaston d’Orléans, during the birth of the Grande Mademoiselle.

    According to the surgeons who performed the autopsy on the woman who had given birth, her death was attributed to placental debris remaining in the uterus, and Louise Bourgeois was subsequently accused of negligence.

    At that time, there were few male obstetricians practicing, and they were trying to gain the upper hand over the midwives' guild.

    Louise questions their competence by harshly criticizing the autopsy findings and the skills of the obstetricians; however, her response has the opposite effect of what she intended, as it ends up giving them publicity.

    She was the first midwife to write a book on obstetrics, *Various Observations on Infertility, Miscarriage, Fertility, Childbirth, and Diseases of Women and Newborns*, published in 1609.

    In this book, she points out that infertility in a couple can be caused by the male partner, even though, like the doctors of that era, she confuses the ability to procreate with sexual vigor.

    She identified the role of malnutrition in fetal health, and she was the first to prescribe iron supplements to treat anemia.

    She emphasizes the importance of anatomical knowledge for midwives and urges doctors to allow them to attend lectures and dissection sessions.

    In 1636, the Parisian midwives submitted a petition to the Faculty of Medicine requesting that Louise Bourgeois be allowed to teach them obstetrics, but their request was denied.

    Subsequently, however, one of her students, Marguerite du Tertre de la Marche, was appointed head of the midwives at the Hôtel-Dieu and succeeded in overhauling their training program.

    She died on December 20, 1636, on Boulevard Saint-Germain at the age of 73.

    Jean-Louis BAUDELOCQUE

    He was born on November 30, 1745, in Heilly, Picardy.

    He was the son of Jean Baptiste BAUDELOCQUE, a surgeon, and Anne Marguerite LEVASSEUR. His brothers Félix Honoré (1744–1794) and Jean Baptiste (1749–1800) were both doctors. He was the third of ten children.

    It was his father who introduced him to surgery in the countryside of Picardy.

    He completed his studies in Paris at the Hôpital de la Charité, where a renowned professor of obstetrics, Solayrès de Renhac (1737–1772), was on staff.

    In 1772, following Solayrès’s untimely death at the age of 35, he collected the manuscripts of his lectures and succeeded him as professor of obstetrics at the Hôpital de la Charité. Thanks to Baudelocque, Solayrès’s work was saved from oblivion.

    In 1775, at the initiative of Augier du FOT, a surgeon and instructor of childbirth in Soissons, he published—based on manuscripts bequeathed by Solayrès de RENHAC—the first edition of a manual intended for the training of midwives. This work was later republished under his name alone, under the title“Principles on the Art of Childbirth: Questions and Answers for Midwifery Students.” It underwent three reprints during Baudelocque’s lifetime and three more posthumously.

    In 1776, following the defense of his dissertation on symphysotomy, titled“An in partu propter angustiam pelvis impossibili, symphysis ossium secanda?,” he was appointed surgeon at the Hôpital de la Charité in Paris and was awarded the title of Master of Surgery by the Paris College of Surgery.

    On April 5 or 6, 1777, in Paris, he married Andrée DERULLIER (née de Vulier, de Voulier, de Rullie, or de Rouillier), whose family made models of pregnant women for demonstrations in childbirth classes; she died on January 4, 1787, without children.

    In 1781 and 1789, he published the first two editions of his scholarly treatise*The Art of Childbirth* in two volumes. He became famous for his forceps, his practice of cesarean sections, and the invention of the pelvimeter, which measures the external anteroposterior diameter to identify patients who might experience difficulties during childbirth.

    On September 14, 1788, in Amiens, he married Marie Catherine Rose Laurent; the couple had five children (three daughters and two sons).

    During the French Revolution, the guilds and faculties were abolished. Hospitals lost some of their staff and funding. Baudelocque, however, managed to build a reputation as an obstetrician thanks to a clientele in the city and private obstetrics classes.

    In 1794, the former Faculty of Medicine was replaced by the École centrale de Santé de Paris, where he was responsible for teaching courses to medical students and midwives.

    In October 1795, the Hospice de la Maternité took in poor women and unwed mothers to assist them during childbirth and provided clinical training for midwives and doctors from the École de Santé.

    In addition, this facility also takes in abandoned children.

    In 1798, Baudelocque, in addition to his position as professor of obstetrics at the Paris School of Health, became chief surgeon at the Maternity Hospital.

    In 1802, the Hospice de la Maternité school was founded, where Baudelocque put his teaching skills to use, employing mannequins to help students practice examinations and obstetric procedures. He emphasized observation over intervention, preferring to let nature take its course and using instruments as little as possible.

    Busy with his many responsibilities, he delegated part of his authority to the head midwife of the Maternity Ward, Marie-Louise Lachapelle (1769–1821), who took on part of the training of the midwifery students and was authorized to use forceps on her own in the event of a difficult delivery.

    He was involved in a sensational lawsuit brought against him by an obstetrician, Jean François Sacombe, a fierce opponent of cesarean sections and a defender of traditional midwifery practices. Sacombe, who had set himself up as a defender of midwives and accused Baudelocque of infanticide, ultimately lost his case in 1804 and, in the process, any sense of moderation.

    In 1806, Napoleon appointed Jean-Louis Baudelocque to the chair of obstetrics, the first chair in a medical specialty in France.

    He became the obstetrician to the queens of Spain, Holland, and Naples, as well as to all the ladies of the court.

    He had been chosen and selected in advance to deliver the heir awaited by Napoleon and Empress Marie-Louise of Austria. But, struck down by a cerebral hemorrhage, he would not live to see the birth of the King of Rome.

    He died on May 2 or 3, 1810, at 16 Rue Jacob in Paris (6th arrondissement), where he lived, at the age of 65.

    He was buried in the Vaugirard West Cemetery, then exhumed due to land acquisition for the construction of what is now Boulevard Pasteur.

    He was then buried on August 17, 1839, at Père-Lachaise Cemetery (45thdivision).

    He was the most famous obstetrician of his time.

    A doctor at the Hôpital des Enfants Malades, he would lend his name to the Baudelocque Clinic in 1890.

    In 1966, the Port-Royal Maternity Hospital was built. The two facilities merged in 1993 (14th arrondissement of Paris).

    There is now a midwifery school on Avenue Denfert-Rochereau that bears her name.

    François CHAUSSIER

    He was born on July 2, 1746, in Dijon, in the parish of Saint Pierre.

    His father was a master glazier.

    After completing his training at the hospital in Dijon, his mother sent him to Paris to continue his medical studies, and he enrolled at the Royal College of Surgery, where he attended classes regularly from 1765 to 1767 and took anatomy courses taught by Raphaël SABATIER and Jean-Joseph SUE.

    At the same time, he was learning the basics of surgery at Lafaye’s clinics and, in the afternoons, at those of Isaac GOURSAUD.

    His years of surgical training came to an end in 1768, when he earned the title of Master of Surgery; he then settled in Dijon as a surgeon

    He married Jeanne CARRE, the daughter and granddaughter of a master surgeon, on July 27, 1767, in Quetigny, Côte d’Or. Together they had a son, Bernard François Hector (1769–1837).

    In 1769, he began teaching a free course in human and comparative anatomy, which was attended by many students for more than ten years.

    In 1774, the Estates of Burgundy established a chemistry program with Louis-Bernard GUYTON de MORVEAU as the tenured professor and Hugues MARET and François CHAUSSIER as assistants. Upon MARET’s death in 1786, he was promoted to second professor of chemistry.

    In Dijon, his professional qualities earned him the favor of his patients, and his reputation quickly spread beyond Burgundy; he distinguished himself at the Academy of Surgery through several presentations, and as a result, he was awarded the Academy’s Gold Medal at the public session on April 10, 1777.

    He received his Doctor of Medicine degree from the University of Besançon on January 14, 1780, and in 1784, he became a corresponding member of the Royal Society of Medicine. That same year, he was admitted to the Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Literature in Dijon, where he became secretary-general following the retirement of Guyton de Morveau.

    In 1785, at the request of the Estates of Burgundy, he published a popular guide on the treatment of bites from rabid animals: “Method for Treating Bites from Rabid Animals and Vipers; Followed by a Brief Treatise on the Malignant Pustule” (with Joseph Enaux, 1726–1798).

    In 1789, he published a study on the muscles of the human body, in which he proposed a more rational classification than the one taught up to that point: “A Summary Exposition of the Muscles of the Human Body According to the Methodical Classification and Nomenclature Adopted in the Public Anatomy Course at Dijon”; this work was reprinted in 1797.

    On December 20, 1789, he read a paper titled “Surgical-Forensic Observations on an Important Point of Criminal Jurisprudence” at the Academy of Dijon, in which he demonstrated the role that physicians could play in informing the judicial system; this work attracted attention, and the following year he launched a course in forensic medicine in Dijon.

    On 3 Nivôse, Year III (December 23, 1794), he married Angélique LABOREY in Dijon (Crébillon District); they also had a son, Franck Bernard Simon (1804–1866).

    In 1794, Antoine-François Fourcroy was tasked by the National Convention with reorganizing medical education and sought out a prominent figure who could provide him with the details of this reorganization. Claude-Antoine Prieur-Duvernois, from the Côte-d’Or, who headed the Department of Science and the Arts within the Committee of Public Safety, recommended François Chaussier, who thus joined the Committee of Public Instruction: he drafted a report and a proposed decree, which he read from the rostrum of the Convention on 7 Frimaire, Year III (November 27, 1794); In it, he proposed the creation of a single “Central School of Health” in Paris; the members of the Convention, who were largely in favor of decentralization, called for the creation of other similar schools in Montpellier and Strasbourg, and it was on this basis that the report was adopted on the 14th of Frimaire (December 4).

    Chaussier returned to Dijon, where he resumed his lectures and studies as well as the duties that had been entrusted to him: he had been appointed physician of the Dijon Hospices in April 1793 and Prison Surgeon; he did not remain there long, however, as he was recalled to Paris to occupy the chair of anatomy and physiology at the School of Health. Chaussier was, in the words of Joseph-Henri Réveillé-Parise, the most famous professor of physiology at the École de Paris: he argued that vitalism was the foundation of all studies in physiology.

    A decree dated 7 Vendémiaire, Year III (September 28, 1794) officially established the École Centrale des Travaux Publics, which would later become the École Polytechnique, the Board of Directors proposed, less than a month after the school opened, to establish an infirmary there and to appoint a “health officer” (the revolutionary term for doctors) to treat sick students and also to give lessons on “the art of preventing and alleviating diseases.” The roster of École Polytechnique staff for the following year lists him as an assistant to Claude Louis Berthollet, “simultaneously responsible for the courses in Zootechnics and Public Health, and School Physician”: in fact, he taught Berthollet’s course during the latter’s absence in Italy in 1796–1797. After the formalization of chemistry instruction, Chaussier appears to have abandoned teaching this science and confined himself almost entirely to his duties as a physician.

    In 1799, *Les tables synoptiques* was published to great acclaim. It provides a summary of the physiology, pathology, and treatment of the various anatomical systems of the human body.

    On May 9, 1804, he was appointed Physician of the Maternity Hospices and entrusted with the chairmanship of the medical examination boards for the examinations to become a Public Health Officer, Pharmacist, and Midwife for the district of the Paris Faculty of Medicine.

    He was a member of the commission appointed by the Minister of the Interior in October 1810 to study “secret remedies”; there he worked alongside André Marie Constant Duméril, Jean-Joseph Menuret, and Nicolas Deyeux.

    In 1815, after the fall of the First Empire, he was replaced as physician at the École Polytechnique, but he retained his chair at the Faculty until November 21, 1822, when the Restoration altered the Faculty’s organization: he was appointed honorary professor and his chair was revoked. He was deeply embittered by this, and the next day, he suffered a stroke that temporarily left him unable to speak or walk. He recovered, however, though he remained hemiplegic—a condition that did not prevent him from continuing his work at the Maternity Hospital.

    On May 6, 1823, he was admitted tothe Academy of Sciences.

    Between 1824 and 1827, he published several works on forensic medicine: “Forensic Manual of Poisons, Preceded by Considerations on Poisoning”14, “Collection of Papers, Consultations, and Reports on Various Topics in Forensic Medicine”15, “A Forensic Medical Treatise on the Viability of the Newborn, Presented toHis Excellency the Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice”16

    François Chaussier died at his home in Paris on June 19, 1828, at the age of 81, from a stroke.

    He was buried at Père-Lachaise Cemetery (18th division) on June 21: Nicolas-Philibert Adelon delivered a speech on behalf of the Academy; Marie-Alexandre Désormaux, representing the Faculty, did the same; and Duméril, on behalf of the Royal Academy of Sciences, read a lengthy eulogy.

    Thesecond son, Franck CHAUSSIER, followed in his father's footsteps and defended his doctoral dissertation in 1827 in Montpellier.

    He is a French physician, a professor at the Paris Faculty of Medicine, and a member of the Royal Academy of Medicine and the Academy of Sciences.

    Chaussier was the principal editor of the articles on pharmacy inthe *Encyclopédie méthodique*13.

    Angélique Marguerite Le BOURSIER du COUDRAY

    She was born in 1712 in Clermont-Ferrand into a family of doctors.

    She first studied for three years under Anne BAIRSIN, a midwife.

    On September 26, 1739, she received her diploma and shortly thereafter became a licensed midwife.

    She worked as a head midwife at Châtelet in Paris for sixteen years.

    In 1752, to combine theory with practice, she published a book titled *A Summary of the Art of Childbirth*.

    In 1754, she returned to Auvergne and began giving free lessons.

    In 1758, she designed her famous demonstration “machine” (made of wood, cardboard, fabric, and cotton), which was approved on December1 by the Academy of Surgery.

    During the two-month training program, the students were encouraged to practice on the mannequin.

    • In 1759 (or 1757 or 1767), Louis XV granted her a pension and issued her a royal charter authorizing her to teach throughout the kingdom; she embarked on an obstetric tour of France that would last 25 years and continue until 1783, during the reign of Louis XVI, training more than 5,000 women and surgeons.
    • In 1768, she enlisted the help of her niece, Mlle Marguerite GUILLOMANCE.
    • In 1769, asecond edition of her book was published, which she had illustrated with 26 charming color engravings.
    • In 1770, she hired a young surgeon in Bordeaux, Mr. COUTANCEAU, who married her niece shortly thereafter.
    • In 1789, she was staying with her niece.

    She died on April 16, 1794, at the age of 79 in Bordeaux, in poverty and solitude, with her niece and her husband absent. There is a Rue Angélique du Coudray in Thorigné-Fouillard and also a Rue Madame-du-Coudray in Clermont-Ferrand, her hometown. The maternity ward at the hospital in Melun (77) also bears her name.

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